PR50376 clarify that <Directory> applies to the files under the Directory, not just...

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<manualpage metafile="sections.xml.meta">

<title>Configuration Sections</title>

<summary> <p>Directives in the <a
href="configuring.html">configuration files</a> may apply to the
entire server, or they may be restricted to apply only to particular
directories, files, hosts, or URLs.  This document describes how to
use configuration section containers or <code>.htaccess</code> files
to change the scope of other configuration directives.</p>
</summary>

<section id="types"><title>Types of Configuration Section Containers</title>

<related>
<modulelist>
<module>core</module>
<module>mod_version</module>
<module>mod_proxy</module>
</modulelist>
<directivelist>
<directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive>
<directive type="section" module="core">DirectoryMatch</directive>
<directive type="section" module="core">Files</directive>
<directive type="section" module="core">FilesMatch</directive>
<directive type="section" module="core">If</directive>
<directive type="section" module="core">IfDefine</directive>
<directive type="section" module="core">IfModule</directive>
<directive type="section" module="mod_version">IfVersion</directive>
<directive type="section" module="core">Location</directive>
<directive type="section" module="core">LocationMatch</directive>
<directive type="section" module="mod_proxy">Proxy</directive>
<directive type="section" module="mod_proxy">ProxyMatch</directive>
<directive type="section" module="core">VirtualHost</directive>
</directivelist>
</related>

<p>There are two basic types of containers.  Most containers are
evaluated for each request.  The enclosed directives are applied only
for those requests that match the containers.  The <directive
type="section" module="core">IfDefine</directive>, <directive
type="section" module="core">IfModule</directive>, and
<directive type="section" module="mod_version">IfVersion</directive>
containers, on the other hand, are evaluated only at server startup
and restart.  If their conditions are true at startup, then the
enclosed directives will apply to all requests.  If the conditions are
not true, the enclosed directives will be ignored.</p>

<p>The <directive type="section" module="core">IfDefine</directive> directive
encloses directives that will only be applied if an appropriate
parameter is defined on the <program>httpd</program> command line.  For example,
with the following configuration, all requests will be redirected
to another site only if the server is started using
<code>httpd -DClosedForNow</code>:</p>

<example>
&lt;IfDefine ClosedForNow&gt;<br />
Redirect / http://otherserver.example.com/<br />
&lt;/IfDefine&gt;
</example>

<p>The <directive type="section" module="core">IfModule</directive>
directive is very similar, except it encloses directives that will
only be applied if a particular module is available in the server.
The module must either be statically compiled in the server, or it
must be dynamically compiled and its <directive
module="mod_so">LoadModule</directive> line must be earlier in the
configuration file.  This directive should only be used if you need
your configuration file to work whether or not certain modules are
installed.  It should not be used to enclose directives that you want
to work all the time, because it can suppress useful error messages
about missing modules.</p>

<p>In the following example, the <directive
module="mod_mime_magic">MimeMagicFiles</directive> directive will be
applied only if <module>mod_mime_magic</module> is available.</p>

<example>
&lt;IfModule mod_mime_magic.c&gt;<br />
MimeMagicFile conf/magic<br />
&lt;/IfModule&gt;
</example>

<p>The <directive type="section" module="mod_version">IfVersion</directive>
directive is very similar to <directive type="section"
module="core">IfDefine</directive> and <directive type="section"
module="core">IfModule</directive>, except it encloses directives that will
only be applied if a particular version of the server is executing.  This
module is designed for the use in test suites and large networks which have to
deal with different httpd versions and different configurations.</p>

<example>
  &lt;IfVersion >= 2.1&gt;<br />
  <indent>
    # this happens only in versions greater or<br />
    # equal 2.1.0.<br />
  </indent>
  &lt;/IfVersion&gt;
</example>

<p><directive type="section" module="core">IfDefine</directive>,
<directive type="section" module="core">IfModule</directive>, and the
<directive type="section" module="mod_version">IfVersion</directive>
can apply negative conditions by preceding their test with "!".
Also, these sections can be nested to achieve more complex
restrictions.</p>
</section>

<section id="file-and-web"><title>Filesystem and Webspace</title>

<p>The most commonly used configuration section containers are the
ones that change the configuration of particular places in the
filesystem or webspace.  First, it is important to understand the
difference between the two.  The filesystem is the view of your disks
as seen by your operating system.  For example, in a default install,
Apache httpd resides at <code>/usr/local/apache2</code> in the Unix
filesystem or <code>"c:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache2"</code> in
the Windows filesystem.  (Note that forward slashes should always be
used as the path separator in Apache httpd configuration files, even for Windows.)  In contrast,
the webspace is the view of your site as delivered by the web server
and seen by the client.  So the path <code>/dir/</code> in the
webspace corresponds to the path
<code>/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/dir/</code> in the filesystem of a
default Apache httpd install on Unix.  The webspace need not map directly to
the filesystem, since webpages may be generated dynamically
from databases or other locations.</p>

<section id="filesystem"><title>Filesystem Containers</title>

<p>The <directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive>
and <directive type="section" module="core">Files</directive>
directives, along with their <glossary ref="regex">regex</glossary>
counterparts, apply directives to
parts of the filesystem.  Directives enclosed in a <directive
type="section" module="core">Directory</directive> section apply to
the named filesystem directory and all subdirectories of that
directory (as well as the files in those directories).  
The same effect can be obtained using <a
href="howto/htaccess.html">.htaccess files</a>.  For example, in the
following configuration, directory indexes will be enabled for the
<code>/var/web/dir1</code> directory and all subdirectories.</p>

<example>
&lt;Directory /var/web/dir1&gt;<br />
Options +Indexes<br />
&lt;/Directory&gt;
</example>

<p>Directives enclosed in a <directive type="section"
module="core">Files</directive> section apply to any file with
the specified name, regardless of what directory it lies in.
So for example, the following configuration directives will,
when placed in the main section of the configuration file,
deny access to any file named <code>private.html</code> regardless
of where it is found.</p>

<example>
&lt;Files private.html&gt;<br />
Order allow,deny<br />
Deny from all<br />
&lt;/Files&gt;
</example>

<p>To address files found in a particular part of the filesystem, the
<directive type="section" module="core">Files</directive> and
<directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive> sections
can be combined.  For example, the following configuration will deny
access to <code>/var/web/dir1/private.html</code>,
<code>/var/web/dir1/subdir2/private.html</code>,
<code>/var/web/dir1/subdir3/private.html</code>, and any other instance
of <code>private.html</code> found under the <code>/var/web/dir1/</code>
directory.</p>

<example>
&lt;Directory /var/web/dir1&gt;<br />
&lt;Files private.html&gt;<br />
Order allow,deny<br />
Deny from all<br />
&lt;/Files&gt;<br />
&lt;/Directory&gt;
</example>
</section>

<section id="webspace"><title>Webspace Containers</title>

<p>The <directive type="section" module="core">Location</directive>
directive and its <glossary ref="regex">regex</glossary> counterpart, on
the other hand, change the
configuration for content in the webspace.  For example, the following
configuration prevents access to any URL-path that begins in /private.
In particular, it will apply to requests for
<code>http://yoursite.example.com/private</code>,
<code>http://yoursite.example.com/private123</code>, and
<code>http://yoursite.example.com/private/dir/file.html</code> as well
as any other requests starting with the <code>/private</code> string.</p>

<example>
&lt;Location /private&gt;<br />
Order Allow,Deny<br />
Deny from all<br />
&lt;/Location&gt;
</example>

<p>The <directive type="section" module="core">Location</directive>
directive need not have anything to do with the filesystem.
For example, the following example shows how to map a particular
URL to an internal Apache HTTP Server handler provided by <module>mod_status</module>.
No file called <code>server-status</code> needs to exist in the
filesystem.</p>

<example>
&lt;Location /server-status&gt;<br />
SetHandler server-status<br />
&lt;/Location&gt;
</example>
</section>

<section id="overlapping-webspace"><title>Overlapping Webspace</title>
<p>In order to have two overlapping URLs one has to consider the order in which
certain sections or directives are evaluated. For
<directive type="section" module="core">Location</directive> this would be:</p>
<example>
&lt;Location /foo&gt;<br />
&lt;/Location&gt;<br />
&lt;Location /foo/bar&gt;<br />
&lt;/Location>
</example>
<p><directive type="section" module="core">Alias</directive>es on the other hand,
are mapped vice-versa:</p>
<example>
Alias /foo/bar /srv/www/uncommon/bar<br />
Alias /foo /srv/www/common/foo<br />
</example>
<p>The same is true for the <directive module="mod_proxy">ProxyPass</directive>
directives:</p>
<example>
ProxyPass /special-area http://special.example.com smax=5 max=10<br />
ProxyPass / balancer://mycluster/ stickysession=JSESSIONID|jsessionid nofailover=On
</example>
</section> 

<section id="wildcards"><title>Wildcards and Regular Expressions</title>

<p>The <directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive>,
<directive type="section" module="core">Files</directive>, and
<directive type="section" module="core">Location</directive>
directives can each use shell-style wildcard characters as in
<code>fnmatch</code> from the C standard library.  The character "*"
matches any sequence of characters, "?" matches any single character,
and "[<em>seq</em>]" matches any character in <em>seq</em>.  The "/"
character will not be matched by any wildcard; it must be specified
explicitly.</p>

<p>If even more flexible matching is required, each
container has a regular expression (regex) counterpart <directive
type="section" module="core">DirectoryMatch</directive>, <directive
type="section" module="core">FilesMatch</directive>, and <directive
type="section" module="core">LocationMatch</directive> that allow
perl-compatible
<glossary ref="regex">regular expressions</glossary>
to be used in choosing the matches.  But see the section below on
configuration merging to find out how using regex sections will change
how directives are applied.</p>

<p>A non-regex wildcard section that changes the configuration of
all user directories could look as follows:</p>

<example>
&lt;Directory /home/*/public_html&gt;<br />
Options Indexes<br />
&lt;/Directory&gt;
</example>

<p>Using regex sections, we can deny access to many types of image files
at once:</p>
<example>
&lt;FilesMatch \.(?i:gif|jpe?g|png)$&gt;<br />
Order allow,deny<br />
Deny from all<br />
&lt;/FilesMatch&gt;
</example>

</section>

<section id="whichwhen"><title>What to use When</title>

<p>Choosing between filesystem containers and webspace containers is
actually quite easy.  When applying directives to objects that reside
in the filesystem always use <directive type="section"
module="core">Directory</directive> or <directive type="section"
module="core">Files</directive>.  When applying directives to objects
that do not reside in the filesystem (such as a webpage generated from
a database), use <directive type="section"
module="core">Location</directive>.</p>

<p>It is important to never use <directive type="section"
module="core">Location</directive> when trying to restrict
access to objects in the filesystem.  This is because many
different webspace locations (URLs) could map to the same filesystem
location, allowing your restrictions to be circumvented.
For example, consider the following configuration:</p>

<example>
&lt;Location /dir/&gt;<br />
Order allow,deny<br />
Deny from all<br />
&lt;/Location&gt;
</example>

<p>This works fine if the request is for
<code>http://yoursite.example.com/dir/</code>.  But what if you are on
a case-insensitive filesystem?  Then your restriction could be easily
circumvented by requesting
<code>http://yoursite.example.com/DIR/</code>.  The <directive
type="section" module="core">Directory</directive> directive, in
contrast, will apply to any content served from that location,
regardless of how it is called.  (An exception is filesystem links.
The same directory can be placed in more than one part of the
filesystem using symbolic links.  The <directive type="section"
module="core">Directory</directive> directive will follow the symbolic
link without resetting the pathname.  Therefore, for the highest level
of security, symbolic links should be disabled with the appropriate
<directive module="core">Options</directive> directive.)</p>

<p>If you are, perhaps, thinking that none of this applies to you
because you use a case-sensitive filesystem, remember that there are
many other ways to map multiple webspace locations to the same
filesystem location.  Therefore you should always use the filesystem
containers when you can.  There is, however, one exception to this
rule.  Putting configuration restrictions in a <code>&lt;Location
/&gt;</code> section is perfectly safe because this section will apply
to all requests regardless of the specific URL.</p>
</section>

</section>

<section id="virtualhost"><title>Virtual Hosts</title>

<p>The <directive type="section" module="core">VirtualHost</directive>
container encloses directives that apply to specific hosts.
This is useful when serving multiple hosts from the same machine
with a different configuration for each.  For more information,
see the <a href="vhosts/">Virtual Host Documentation</a>.</p>
</section>

<section id="proxy"><title>Proxy</title>

<p>The <directive type="section" module="mod_proxy">Proxy</directive>
and <directive type="section" module="mod_proxy">ProxyMatch</directive>
containers apply enclosed configuration directives only
to sites accessed through <module>mod_proxy</module>'s proxy server
that match the specified URL.  For example, the following configuration
will prevent the proxy server from being used to access the
<code>cnn.com</code> website.</p>

<example>
&lt;Proxy http://cnn.com/*&gt;<br />
Order allow,deny<br />
Deny from all<br />
&lt;/Proxy&gt;
</example>
</section>

<section id="whatwhere"><title>What Directives are Allowed?</title>

<p>To find out what directives are allowed in what types of
configuration sections, check the <a
href="mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Context</a> of the directive.
Everything that is allowed in 
<directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive>
sections is also syntactically allowed in
<directive type="section" module="core">DirectoryMatch</directive>,
<directive type="section" module="core">Files</directive>,
<directive type="section" module="core">FilesMatch</directive>,
<directive type="section" module="core">Location</directive>,
<directive type="section" module="core">LocationMatch</directive>,
<directive type="section" module="mod_proxy">Proxy</directive>,
and <directive type="section" module="mod_proxy">ProxyMatch</directive>
sections.  There are some exceptions, however:</p>

<ul>
<li>The <directive module="core">AllowOverride</directive> directive
works only in <directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive>
sections.</li>

<li>The <code>FollowSymLinks</code> and
<code>SymLinksIfOwnerMatch</code> <directive
module="core">Options</directive> work only in <directive
type="section" module="core">Directory</directive> sections or
<code>.htaccess</code> files.</li>

<li>The <directive module="core">Options</directive> directive cannot
be used in <directive type="section" module="core">Files</directive>
and <directive type="section" module="core">FilesMatch</directive>
sections.</li>
</ul>
</section>

<section id="mergin"><title>How the sections are merged</title>

<p>The configuration sections are applied in a very particular order.
Since this can have important effects on how configuration directives
are interpreted, it is important to understand how this works.</p>

    <p>The order of merging is:</p>

    <ol>
      <li> <directive type="section"
      module="core">Directory</directive> (except regular expressions)
      and <code>.htaccess</code> done simultaneously (with
      <code>.htaccess</code>, if allowed, overriding
      <directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive>)</li>

      <li><directive type="section" module="core">DirectoryMatch</directive>
      (and <code>&lt;Directory ~&gt;</code>)</li>

      <li><directive type="section"
      module="core">Files</directive> and <directive
      type="section" module="core">FilesMatch</directive> done
      simultaneously</li>

      <li><directive type="section" module="core">Location</directive>
      and <directive type="section"
      module="core">LocationMatch</directive> done simultaneously</li>
    </ol>

    <p>Apart from <directive type="section"
    module="core">Directory</directive>, each group is processed in
    the order that they appear in the configuration files.  <directive
    type="section" module="core">Directory</directive> (group 1 above)
    is processed in the order shortest directory component to longest.
    So for example, <code>&lt;Directory /var/web/dir&gt;</code> will
    be processed before <code>&lt;Directory
    /var/web/dir/subdir&gt;</code>.  If multiple <directive
    type="section" module="core">Directory</directive> sections apply
    to the same directory they are processed in the configuration file
    order. Configurations included via the <directive
    module="core">Include</directive> directive will be treated as if
    they were inside the including file at the location of the
    <directive module="core">Include</directive> directive.</p>

    <p>Sections inside <directive type="section"
    module="core">VirtualHost</directive> sections
    are applied <em>after</em> the corresponding sections outside
    the virtual host definition. This allows virtual hosts to
    override the main server configuration.</p>

    <p>When the request is served by <module>mod_proxy</module>, the
    <directive module="mod_proxy" type="section">Proxy</directive>
    container takes the place of the <directive module="core"
    type="section">Directory</directive> container in the processing
    order.</p>

    <p>Later sections override earlier ones.</p>

<note><title>Technical Note</title>
      There is actually a
      <code>&lt;Location&gt;</code>/<code>&lt;LocationMatch&gt;</code>
      sequence performed just before the name translation phase
      (where <code>Aliases</code> and <code>DocumentRoots</code>
      are used to map URLs to filenames). The results of this
      sequence are completely thrown away after the translation has
      completed.
</note>

<section id="merge-examples"><title>Some Examples</title>

<p>Below is an artificial example to show the order of
merging. Assuming they all apply to the request, the directives in
this example will be applied in the order A &gt; B &gt; C &gt; D &gt;
E.</p>

<example>
&lt;Location /&gt;<br />
E<br />
&lt;/Location&gt;<br />
<br />
&lt;Files f.html&gt;<br />
D<br />
&lt;/Files&gt;<br />
<br />
&lt;VirtualHost *&gt;<br />
&lt;Directory /a/b&gt;<br />
B<br />
&lt;/Directory&gt;<br />
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;<br />
<br />
&lt;DirectoryMatch "^.*b$"&gt;<br />
C<br />
&lt;/DirectoryMatch&gt;<br />
<br />
&lt;Directory /a/b&gt;<br />
A<br />
&lt;/Directory&gt;<br />
<br />
</example>

<p>For a more concrete example, consider the following.  Regardless of
any access restrictions placed in <directive module="core"
type="section">Directory</directive> sections, the <directive
module="core" type="section">Location</directive> section will be
evaluated last and will allow unrestricted access to the server.  In
other words, order of merging is important, so be careful!</p>

<example>
&lt;Location /&gt;<br />
Order deny,allow<br />
Allow from all<br />
&lt;/Location&gt;<br />
<br />
# Woops!  This &lt;Directory&gt; section will have no effect<br />
&lt;Directory /&gt;<br />
Order allow,deny<br />
Allow from all<br />
Deny from badguy.example.com<br />
&lt;/Directory&gt;
</example>

</section>

</section>
</manualpage>