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  10 <title>Dynamic mass virtual hosts with mod_rewrite - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</title>
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  19 <p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/quickreference.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
  20 <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
  21 <img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div>
  22 <div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="&lt;-" alt="&lt;-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
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  24 <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> &gt; <a href="../">Version 2.5</a> &gt; <a href="./">Rewrite</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Dynamic mass virtual hosts with mod_rewrite</h1>
  25 <div class="toplang">
  26 <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/vhosts.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a></p>
  27 </div>
  28
  29
  30 <p>This document supplements the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
  31 <a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">reference documentation</a>. It describes
  32 how you can use <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> to create dynamically
  33 configured virtual hosts.</p>
  34
  35 <div class="warning">mod_rewrite is usually not the best way to configure
  36 virtual hosts. You should first consider the <a href="../vhosts/mass.html">alternatives</a> before resorting to
  37 mod_rewrite. See also the "<a href="avoid.html#vhosts">how to avoid
  38 mod_rewrite</a> document.</div>
  39
  40 </div>
  41 <div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#per-hostname">Virtual Hosts For Arbitrary Hostnames</a></li>
  42 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#simple.rewrite">Dynamic
  43     Virtual Hosts Using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></a></li>
  44 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#xtra-conf">Using a Separate Virtual Host Configuration File</a></li>
  45 </ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">Module documentation</a></li><li><a href="intro.html">mod_rewrite introduction</a></li><li><a href="remapping.html">Redirection and remapping</a></li><li><a href="access.html">Controlling access</a></li><li><a href="proxy.html">Proxying</a></li><li><a href="rewritemap.html">RewriteMap</a></li><li><a href="advanced.html">Advanced techniques</a></li><li><a href="avoid.html">When not to use mod_rewrite</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
  46 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
  47 <div class="section">
  48 <h2><a name="per-hostname" id="per-hostname">Virtual Hosts For Arbitrary Hostnames</a></h2>
  49
  50
  51
  52   <dl>
  53     <dt>Description:</dt>
  54
  55     <dd>
  56     <p>We want to automatically create a virtual host for every hostname
  57     which resolves in our domain, without having to create
  58     new VirtualHost sections.</p>
  59
  60     <p>In this recipe, we assume that we'll be using the hostname
  61     <code><strong>SITE</strong>.example.com</code> for each
  62     user, and serve their content out of
  63     <code>/home/<strong>SITE</strong>/www</code>. However, we want
  64     <code>www.example.com</code> to be ommitted from this mapping.</p>
  65     </dd>
  66
  67     <dt>Solution:</dt>
  68
  69     <dd>
  70
  71 <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteEngine on
  72
  73 RewriteMap    lowercase int:tolower
  74
  75 RewriteCond   %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\.
  76 RewriteCond   ${lowercase:%{<strong>HTTP_HOST</strong>}}   ^<strong>([^.]+)</strong>\.example\.com$
  77 RewriteRule   ^(.*)    /home/<strong>%1</strong>/www$1</pre>
  78 </dd>
  79
  80 <dt>Discussion</dt>
  81     <dd>
  82
  83     <div class="warning">You will need to take care of the DNS
  84     resolution - Apache does
  85     not handle name resolution. You'll need either to create CNAME
  86     records for each hostname, or a DNS wildcard record. Creating DNS
  87     records is beyond the scope of this document.</div>
  88
  89 <p>The internal <code>tolower</code> RewriteMap directive is used to
  90 ensure that the hostnames being used are all lowercase, so that there is
  91 no ambiguity in the directory structure which must be created.</p>
  92
  93 <p>Parentheses used in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> are captured into the
  94 backreferences <code>%1</code>, <code>%2</code>, etc, while parentheses
  95 used in <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> are
  96 captured into the backreferences <code>$1</code>, <code>$2</code>,
  97 etc.</p>
  98
  99 <p>The first <code>RewriteCond</code> checks to see if the hostname
 100 starts with <code>www.</code>, and if it does, the rewriting is
 101 skipped.</p>
 102
 103 <p>
 104 As with many techniques discussed in this document, mod_rewrite really
 105 isn't the best way to accomplish this task. You should, instead,
 106 consider using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code> instead, as it will much
 107 more gracefully handle anything beyond serving static files, such as any
 108 dynamic content, and Alias resolution.
 109 </p>
 110     </dd>
 111   </dl>
 112
 113 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
 114 <div class="section">
 115 <h2><a name="simple.rewrite" id="simple.rewrite">Dynamic
 116     Virtual Hosts Using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></a></h2>
 117
 118     <p>This extract from <code>httpd.conf</code> does the same
 119     thing as <a href="#per-hostname">the first example</a>. The first
 120     half is very similar to the corresponding part above, except for
 121     some changes, required for backward compatibility and to make the
 122     <code>mod_rewrite</code> part work properly; the second half
 123     configures <code>mod_rewrite</code> to do the actual work.</p>
 124
 125     <p>Because <code>mod_rewrite</code> runs before other URI translation
 126     modules (e.g., <code>mod_alias</code>), <code>mod_rewrite</code> must
 127     be told to explicitly ignore any URLs that would have been handled
 128     by those modules. And, because these rules would otherwise bypass
 129     any <code>ScriptAlias</code> directives, we must have
 130     <code>mod_rewrite</code> explicitly enact those mappings.</p>
 131
 132 <pre class="prettyprint lang-config"># get the server name from the Host: header
 133 UseCanonicalName Off
 134
 135 # splittable logs
 136 LogFormat "%{Host}i %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon
 137 CustomLog "logs/access_log" vcommon
 138
 139 &lt;Directory "/www/hosts"&gt;
 140     # ExecCGI is needed here because we can't force
 141     # CGI execution in the way that ScriptAlias does
 142     Options FollowSymLinks ExecCGI
 143 &lt;/Directory&gt;
 144
 145 RewriteEngine On
 146
 147 # a ServerName derived from a Host: header may be any case at all
 148 RewriteMap  lowercase  "int:tolower"
 149
 150 ## deal with normal documents first:
 151 # allow Alias /icons/ to work - repeat for other aliases
 152 RewriteCond  "%{REQUEST_URI}"  "!^/icons/"
 153 # allow CGIs to work
 154 RewriteCond  "%{REQUEST_URI}"  "!^/cgi-bin/"
 155 # do the magic
 156 RewriteRule  "^/(.*)$"         "/www/hosts/${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}/docs/$1"
 157
 158 ## and now deal with CGIs - we have to force a handler
 159 RewriteCond  "%{REQUEST_URI}"  "^/cgi-bin/"
 160 RewriteRule  "^/(.*)$"         "/www/hosts/${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}/cgi-bin/$1"  [H=cgi-script]</pre>
 161
 162
 163 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
 164 <div class="section">
 165 <h2><a name="xtra-conf" id="xtra-conf">Using a Separate Virtual Host Configuration File</a></h2>
 166
 167     <p>This arrangement uses more advanced <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
 168     features to work out the translation from virtual host to document
 169     root, from a separate configuration file. This provides more
 170     flexibility, but requires more complicated configuration.</p>
 171
 172     <p>The <code>vhost.map</code> file should look something like
 173     this:</p>
 174
 175 <div class="example"><p><code>
 176 customer-1.example.com  /www/customers/1<br />
 177 customer-2.example.com  /www/customers/2<br />
 178 # ...<br />
 179 customer-N.example.com  /www/customers/N<br />
 180 </code></p></div>
 181
 182     <p>The <code>httpd.conf</code> should contain the following:</p>
 183
 184 <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteEngine on
 185
 186 RewriteMap   lowercase  "int:tolower"
 187
 188 # define the map file
 189 RewriteMap   vhost      "txt:/www/conf/vhost.map"
 190
 191 # deal with aliases as above
 192 RewriteCond  "%{REQUEST_URI}"               "!^/icons/"
 193 RewriteCond  "%{REQUEST_URI}"               "!^/cgi-bin/"
 194 RewriteCond  "${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}"  "^(.+)$"
 195 # this does the file-based remap
 196 RewriteCond  "${vhost:%1}"                  "^(/.*)$"
 197 RewriteRule  "^/(.*)$"                      "%1/docs/$1"
 198
 199 RewriteCond  "%{REQUEST_URI}"               "^/cgi-bin/"
 200 RewriteCond  "${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}"  "^(.+)$"
 201 RewriteCond  "${vhost:%1}"                  "^(/.*)$"
 202 RewriteRule  "^/cgi-bin/(.*)$"                      "%1/cgi-bin/$1" [H=cgi-script]</pre>
 203
 204
 205 </div></div>
 206 <div class="bottomlang">
 207 <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/vhosts.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a></p>
 208 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&amp;A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed again by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Freenode, or sent to our <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
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