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10 <title>htdbm - Manipulate DBM password databases - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</title>
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20 <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
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24 <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.5</a> > <a href="./">Programs</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>htdbm - Manipulate DBM password databases</h1>
26 <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/programs/htdbm.html" title="English"> en </a> |
27 <a href="../tr/programs/htdbm.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
30 <p><code>htdbm</code> is used to manipulate the DBM format files used to
31 store usernames and password for basic authentication of HTTP users via
32 <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_dbm.html">mod_authn_dbm</a></code>. See the <code class="program"><a href="../programs/dbmmanage.html">dbmmanage</a></code>
33 documentation for more information about these DBM files.</p>
35 <div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#synopsis">Synopsis</a></li>
36 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#options">Options</a></li>
37 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#bugs">Bugs</a></li>
38 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#exit">Exit Status</a></li>
39 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
40 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#security">Security Considerations</a></li>
41 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#restrictions">Restrictions</a></li>
42 </ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code></li><li><code class="program"><a href="../programs/dbmmanage.html">dbmmanage</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_dbm.html">mod_authn_dbm</a></code></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
43 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
45 <h2><a name="synopsis" id="synopsis">Synopsis</a></h2>
46 <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong>
47 [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
48 [ -<strong>i</strong> ]
49 [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
50 [ -<strong>m</strong> |
55 [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
56 [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
57 [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
58 <var>filename</var> <var>username</var></code></p>
60 <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>b</strong>
61 [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
62 [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
63 [ -<strong>m</strong> |
68 [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
69 [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
70 [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
71 <var>filename</var> <var>username</var> <var>password</var></code></p>
73 <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>n</strong>
74 [ -<strong>i</strong> ]
75 [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
76 [ -<strong>m</strong> |
81 [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
82 [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
83 [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
84 <var>username</var></code></p>
86 <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>nb</strong>
87 [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
88 [ -<strong>m</strong> |
93 [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
94 [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
95 [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
96 <var>username</var> <var>password</var></code></p>
98 <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>v</strong>
99 [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
100 [ -<strong>i</strong> ]
101 [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
102 [ -<strong>m</strong> |
103 -<strong>B</strong> |
104 -<strong>d</strong> |
105 -<strong>s</strong> |
106 -<strong>p</strong> ]
107 [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
108 [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
109 [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
110 <var>filename</var> <var>username</var></code></p>
112 <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>vb</strong>
113 [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
114 [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
115 [ -<strong>m</strong> |
116 -<strong>B</strong> |
117 -<strong>d</strong> |
118 -<strong>s</strong> |
119 -<strong>p</strong> ]
120 [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
121 [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
122 [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
123 <var>filename</var> <var>username</var> <var>password</var></code></p>
125 <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>x</strong>
126 [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
127 <var>filename</var> <var>username</var></code></p>
129 <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>l</strong>
130 [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
132 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
133 <div class="section">
134 <h2><a name="options" id="options">Options</a></h2>
136 <dt><code>-b</code></dt>
137 <dd>Use batch mode; <em>i.e.</em>, get the password from the command line
138 rather than prompting for it. This option should be used with extreme care,
139 since <strong>the password is clearly visible</strong> on the command
140 line. For script use see the <code>-i</code> option.</dd>
142 <dt><code>-i</code></dt>
143 <dd>Read the password from stdin without verification (for script usage).</dd>
145 <dt><code>-c</code></dt>
146 <dd>Create the <var>passwdfile</var>. If <var>passwdfile</var> already
147 exists, it is rewritten and truncated. This option cannot be combined with
148 the <code>-n</code> option.</dd>
150 <dt><code>-n</code></dt>
151 <dd>Display the results on standard output rather than updating a
152 database. This option changes the syntax of the command line, since the
153 <var>passwdfile</var> argument (usually the first one) is omitted. It
154 cannot be combined with the <code>-c</code> option.</dd>
156 <dt><code>-m</code></dt>
157 <dd>Use MD5 encryption for passwords. On Windows and Netware, this is
160 <dt><code>-B</code></dt>
161 <dd>Use bcrypt encryption for passwords. This is currently considered to
164 <dt><code>-C</code></dt>
165 <dd>This flag is only allowed in combination with <code>-B</code> (bcrypt
166 encryption). It sets the computing time used for the bcrypt algorithm
167 (higher is more secure but slower, default: 5, valid: 4 to 31).</dd>
169 <dt><code>-d</code></dt>
170 <dd>Use <code>crypt()</code> encryption for passwords. The default on all
171 platforms but Windows and Netware. Though possibly supported by
172 <code>htdbm</code> on all platforms, it is not supported by the
173 <code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> server on Windows and Netware.
174 This algorithm is <strong>insecure</strong> by today's standards.</dd>
176 <dt><code>-s</code></dt>
177 <dd>Use SHA encryption for passwords. Facilitates migration from/to Netscape
178 servers using the LDAP Directory Interchange Format (ldif).
179 This algorithm is <strong>insecure</strong> by today's standards.</dd>
181 <dt><code>-p</code></dt>
182 <dd>Use plaintext passwords. Though <code>htdbm</code> will support
183 creation on all platforms, the <code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> daemon will
184 only accept plain text passwords on Windows and Netware.</dd>
186 <dt><code>-l</code></dt>
187 <dd>Print each of the usernames and comments from the database on
190 <dt><code>-v</code></dt>
191 <dd>Verify the username and password. The program will print a message
192 indicating whether the supplied password is valid. If the password is
193 invalid, the program exits with error code 3.</dd>
195 <dt><code>-x</code></dt>
196 <dd>Delete user. If the username exists in the specified DBM file, it
197 will be deleted.</dd>
199 <dt><code>-t</code></dt>
200 <dd>Interpret the final parameter as a comment. When this option is
201 specified, an additional string can be appended to the command line; this
202 string will be stored in the "Comment" field of the database, associated
203 with the specified username.</dd>
205 <dt><code><var>filename</var></code></dt>
206 <dd>The filename of the DBM format file. Usually without the extension
207 <code>.db</code>, <code>.pag</code>, or <code>.dir</code>. If
208 <code>-c</code> is given, the DBM file is created if it does not already
209 exist, or updated if it does exist.</dd>
211 <dt><code><var>username</var></code></dt>
212 <dd>The username to create or update in <var>passwdfile</var>. If
213 <var>username</var> does not exist in this file, an entry is added. If it
214 does exist, the password is changed.</dd>
216 <dt><code><var>password</var></code></dt>
217 <dd>The plaintext password to be encrypted and stored in the DBM file.
218 Used only with the <code>-b</code> flag.</dd>
220 <dt><code>-T<var>DBTYPE</var></code></dt>
221 <dd>Type of DBM file (SDBM, GDBM, DB, or "default").</dd>
223 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
224 <div class="section">
225 <h2><a name="bugs" id="bugs">Bugs</a></h2>
226 <p>One should be aware that there are a number of different DBM file
227 formats in existence, and with all likelihood, libraries for more than
228 one format may exist on your system. The three primary examples are
229 SDBM, NDBM, GNU GDBM, and Berkeley/Sleepycat DB 2/3/4. Unfortunately,
230 all these libraries use different file formats, and you must make sure
231 that the file format used by <var>filename</var> is the same format that
232 <code>htdbm</code> expects to see. <code>htdbm</code> currently has
233 no way of determining what type of DBM file it is looking at. If used
234 against the wrong format, will simply return nothing, or may create a
235 different DBM file with a different name, or at worst, it may corrupt
236 the DBM file if you were attempting to write to it.</p>
238 <p>One can usually use the <code>file</code> program supplied with most
239 Unix systems to see what format a DBM file is in.</p>
240 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
241 <div class="section">
242 <h2><a name="exit" id="exit">Exit Status</a></h2>
243 <p><code>htdbm</code> returns a zero status ("true") if the username and
244 password have been successfully added or updated in the DBM File.
245 <code>htdbm</code> returns <code>1</code> if it encounters some problem
246 accessing files, <code>2</code> if there was a syntax problem with the
247 command line, <code>3</code> if the password was entered interactively and
248 the verification entry didn't match, <code>4</code> if its operation was
249 interrupted, <code>5</code> if a value is too long (username, filename,
250 password, or final computed record), <code>6</code> if the username
251 contains illegal characters (see the <a href="#restrictions">Restrictions
252 section</a>), and <code>7</code> if the file is not a valid DBM password
254 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
255 <div class="section">
256 <h2><a name="examples" id="examples">Examples</a></h2>
257 <div class="example"><p><code>
258 htdbm /usr/local/etc/apache/.htdbm-users jsmith
261 <p>Adds or modifies the password for user <code>jsmith</code>. The user
262 is prompted for the password. If executed on a Windows system, the password
263 will be encrypted using the modified Apache MD5 algorithm; otherwise, the
264 system's <code>crypt()</code> routine will be used. If the file does not
265 exist, <code>htdbm</code> will do nothing except return an error.</p>
267 <div class="example"><p><code>
268 htdbm -c /home/doe/public_html/.htdbm jane
271 <p>Creates a new file and stores a record in it for user <code>jane</code>.
272 The user is prompted for the password. If the file exists and cannot be
273 read, or cannot be written, it is not altered and <code>htdbm</code>
274 will display a message and return an error status.</p>
276 <div class="example"><p><code>
277 htdbm -mb /usr/web/.htdbm-all jones Pwd4Steve
280 <p>Encrypts the password from the command line (<code>Pwd4Steve</code>)
281 using the MD5 algorithm, and stores it in the specified file.</p>
282 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
283 <div class="section">
284 <h2><a name="security" id="security">Security Considerations</a></h2>
285 <p>Web password files such as those managed by <code>htdbm</code> should
286 <em>not</em> be within the Web server's URI space -- that is, they should
287 not be fetchable with a browser.</p>
289 <p>The use of the <code>-b</code> option is discouraged, since when it is
290 used the unencrypted password appears on the command line.</p>
292 <p>When using the <code>crypt()</code> algorithm, note that only the first
293 8 characters of the password are used to form the password. If the supplied
294 password is longer, the extra characters will be silently discarded.</p>
296 <p>The SHA encryption format does not use salting: for a given password,
297 there is only one encrypted representation. The <code>crypt()</code> and
298 MD5 formats permute the representation by prepending a random salt string,
299 to make dictionary attacks against the passwords more difficult.</p>
301 <p>The SHA and <code>crypt()</code> formats are insecure by today's
303 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
304 <div class="section">
305 <h2><a name="restrictions" id="restrictions">Restrictions</a></h2>
306 <p>On the Windows platform, passwords encrypted with
307 <code>htdbm</code> are limited to no more than <code>255</code>
308 characters in length. Longer passwords will be truncated to 255
311 <p>The MD5 algorithm used by <code>htdbm</code> is specific to the Apache
312 software; passwords encrypted using it will not be usable with other Web
315 <p>Usernames are limited to <code>255</code> bytes and may not include the
316 character <code>:</code>.</p>
318 <div class="bottomlang">
319 <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/programs/htdbm.html" title="English"> en </a> |
320 <a href="../tr/programs/htdbm.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
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