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19 <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
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24 <div id="page-content">
25 <div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Module mod_proxy_ajp</h1>
27 <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_proxy_ajp.html" title="English"> en </a> |
28 <a href="../ja/mod/mod_proxy_ajp.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a></p>
30 <table class="module"><tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>AJP support module for
31 <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code></td></tr>
32 <tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
33 <tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier">Module Identifier:</a></th><td>proxy_ajp_module</td></tr>
34 <tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile">Source File:</a></th><td>mod_proxy_ajp.c</td></tr></table>
37 <p>This module <em>requires</em> the service of <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code>. It provides support for the
38 <code>Apache JServ Protocol version 1.3</code> (hereafter
41 <p>Thus, in order to get the ability of handling <code>AJP13</code>
42 protocol, <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code> and
43 <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy_ajp.html">mod_proxy_ajp</a></code> have to be present in the server.</p>
45 <div class="warning"><h3>Warning</h3>
46 <p>Do not enable proxying until you have <a href="mod_proxy.html#access">secured your server</a>. Open proxy
47 servers are dangerous both to your network and to the Internet at
51 <div id="quickview"><h3 class="directives">Directives</h3>
52 <p>This module provides no
56 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#usage">Usage</a></li>
57 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#env">Environment Variables</a></li>
58 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#overviewprotocol">Overview of the protocol</a></li>
59 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#basppacketstruct">Basic Packet Structure</a></li>
60 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rpacetstruct">Request Packet Structure</a></li>
61 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#resppacketstruct">Response Packet Structure</a></li>
62 </ul><h3>See also</h3>
64 <li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code></li>
65 <li><a href="../env.html">Environment Variable documentation</a></li>
66 </ul><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
67 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
69 <h2><a name="usage" id="usage">Usage</a></h2>
70 <p>This module is used to reverse proxy to a backend application server
71 (e.g. Apache Tomcat) using the AJP13 protocol. The usage is similar to
72 an HTTP reverse proxy, but uses the <code>ajp://</code> prefix:</p>
74 <div class="example"><h3>Simple Reverse Proxy</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
75 ProxyPass /app ajp://backend.example.com:8009/app
79 <p>Balancers may also be used:</p>
80 <div class="example"><h3>Balancer Reverse Proxy</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
81 <Proxy balancer://cluster>
82 BalancerMember ajp://app1.example.com:8009 loadfactor=1
83 BalancerMember ajp://app2.example.com:8009 loadfactor=2
84 ProxySet lbmethod=bytraffic
86 ProxyPass /app balancer://cluster/app
90 <p>Note that usually no
91 <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreverse">ProxyPassReverse</a></code>
92 directive is necessary. The AJP request includes the original host
93 header given to the proxy, and the application server can be expected
94 to generate self-referential headers relative to this host, so no
95 rewriting is necessary.</p>
97 <p>The main exception is when the URL path on the proxy differs from that
99 backend. In this case, a redirect header can be rewritten relative to the
100 original host URL (not the backend <code>ajp://</code> URL), for
102 <div class="example"><h3>Rewriting Proxied Path</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
103 ProxyPass /apps/foo ajp://backend.example.com:8009/foo
104 ProxyPassReverse /apps/foo http://www.example.com/foo
107 <p>However, it is usually better to deploy the application on the backend
108 server at the same path as the proxy rather than to take this approach.
110 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
111 <div class="section">
112 <h2><a name="env" id="env">Environment Variables</a></h2>
113 <p>Environment variables whose names have the prefix <code>AJP_</code>
114 are forwarded to the origin server as AJP request attributes
115 (with the AJP_ prefix removed from the name of the key).</p>
116 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
117 <div class="section">
118 <h2><a name="overviewprotocol" id="overviewprotocol">Overview of the protocol</a></h2>
119 <p>The <code>AJP13</code> protocol is packet-oriented. A binary format
120 was presumably chosen over the more readable plain text for reasons of
121 performance. The web server communicates with the servlet container over
122 TCP connections. To cut down on the expensive process of socket creation,
123 the web server will attempt to maintain persistent TCP connections to the
124 servlet container, and to reuse a connection for multiple request/response
126 <p>Once a connection is assigned to a particular request, it will not be
127 used for any others until the request-handling cycle has terminated. In
128 other words, requests are not multiplexed over connections. This makes
129 for much simpler code at either end of the connection, although it does
130 cause more connections to be open at once.</p>
131 <p>Once the web server has opened a connection to the servlet container,
132 the connection can be in one of the following states:</p>
134 <li> Idle <br /> No request is being handled over this connection. </li>
135 <li> Assigned <br /> The connection is handling a specific request.</li>
137 <p>Once a connection is assigned to handle a particular request, the basic
138 request information (e.g. HTTP headers, etc) is sent over the connection in
139 a highly condensed form (e.g. common strings are encoded as integers).
140 Details of that format are below in Request Packet Structure. If there is a
141 body to the request <code>(content-length > 0)</code>, that is sent in a
142 separate packet immediately after.</p>
143 <p>At this point, the servlet container is presumably ready to start
144 processing the request. As it does so, it can send the
145 following messages back to the web server:</p>
147 <li>SEND_HEADERS <br />Send a set of headers back to the browser.</li>
148 <li>SEND_BODY_CHUNK <br />Send a chunk of body data back to the browser.
150 <li>GET_BODY_CHUNK <br />Get further data from the request if it hasn't all
151 been transferred yet. This is necessary because the packets have a fixed
152 maximum size and arbitrary amounts of data can be included the body of a
153 request (for uploaded files, for example). (Note: this is unrelated to
154 HTTP chunked transfer).</li>
155 <li>END_RESPONSE <br /> Finish the request-handling cycle.</li>
157 <p>Each message is accompanied by a differently formatted packet of data.
158 See Response Packet Structures below for details.</p>
159 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
160 <div class="section">
161 <h2><a name="basppacketstruct" id="basppacketstruct">Basic Packet Structure</a></h2>
162 <p>There is a bit of an XDR heritage to this protocol, but it differs
163 in lots of ways (no 4 byte alignment, for example).</p>
164 <p>Byte order: I am not clear about the endian-ness of the individual
165 bytes. I'm guessing the bytes are little-endian, because that's what
166 XDR specifies, and I'm guessing that sys/socket library is magically
167 making that so (on the C side). If anyone with a better knowledge of
168 socket calls can step in, that would be great.</p>
169 <p>There are four data types in the protocol: bytes, booleans,
170 integers and strings.</p>
172 <dt><strong>Byte</strong></dt><dd>A single byte.</dd>
173 <dt><strong>Boolean</strong></dt>
174 <dd>A single byte, <code>1 = true</code>, <code>0 = false</code>.
175 Using other non-zero values as true (i.e. C-style) may work in some places,
176 but it won't in others.</dd>
177 <dt><strong>Integer</strong></dt>
178 <dd>A number in the range of <code>0 to 2^16 (32768)</code>. Stored in
179 2 bytes with the high-order byte first.</dd>
180 <dt><strong>String</strong></dt>
181 <dd>A variable-sized string (length bounded by 2^16). Encoded with
182 the length packed into two bytes first, followed by the string
183 (including the terminating '\0'). Note that the encoded length does
184 <strong>not</strong> include the trailing '\0' -- it is like
185 <code>strlen</code>. This is a touch confusing on the Java side, which
186 is littered with odd autoincrement statements to skip over these
187 terminators. I believe the reason this was done was to allow the C
188 code to be extra efficient when reading strings which the servlet
189 container is sending back -- with the terminating \0 character, the
190 C code can pass around references into a single buffer, without copying.
191 if the \0 was missing, the C code would have to copy things out in order
192 to get its notion of a string.</dd>
196 <p>According to much of the code, the max packet size is <code>
197 8 * 1024 bytes (8K)</code>. The actual length of the packet is encoded in
200 <h3>Packet Headers</h3>
201 <p>Packets sent from the server to the container begin with
202 <code>0x1234</code>. Packets sent from the container to the server
203 begin with <code>AB</code> (that's the ASCII code for A followed by the
204 ASCII code for B). After those first two bytes, there is an integer
205 (encoded as above) with the length of the payload. Although this might
206 suggest that the maximum payload could be as large as 2^16, in fact, the
207 code sets the maximum to be 8K.</p>
210 <td colspan="6"><em>Packet Format (Server->Container)</em></td>
224 <td colspan="2">Data Length (n)</td>
230 <td colspan="6"><em>Packet Format (Container->Server)</em></td>
244 <td colspan="2">Data Length (n)</td>
248 <p>For most packets, the first byte of the payload encodes the type of
249 message. The exception is for request body packets sent from the server to
250 the container -- they are sent with a standard packet header (<code>
251 0x1234</code> and then length of the packet), but without any prefix code
253 <p>The web server can send the following messages to the servlet
258 <td>Type of Packet</td>
263 <td>Forward Request</td>
264 <td>Begin the request-processing cycle with the following data</td>
269 <td>The web server asks the container to shut itself down.</td>
274 <td>The web server asks the container to take control
275 (secure login phase).</td>
280 <td>The web server asks the container to respond quickly with a CPong.
286 <td>Size (2 bytes) and corresponding body data.</td>
289 <p>To ensure some basic security, the container will only actually do the
290 <code>Shutdown</code> if the request comes from the same machine on which
292 <p>The first <code>Data</code> packet is send immediately after the
293 <code>Forward Request</code> by the web server.</p>
294 <p>The servlet container can send the following types of messages to the
299 <td>Type of Packet</td>
304 <td>Send Body Chunk</td>
305 <td>Send a chunk of the body from the servlet container to the web
306 server (and presumably, onto the browser). </td>
310 <td>Send Headers</td>
311 <td>Send the response headers from the servlet container to the web
312 server (and presumably, onto the browser).</td>
316 <td>End Response</td>
317 <td>Marks the end of the response (and thus the request-handling cycle).
322 <td>Get Body Chunk</td>
323 <td>Get further data from the request if it hasn't all been
324 transferred yet.</td>
329 <td>The reply to a CPing request</td>
332 <p>Each of the above messages has a different internal structure, detailed
335 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
336 <div class="section">
337 <h2><a name="rpacetstruct" id="rpacetstruct">Request Packet Structure</a></h2>
338 <p>For messages from the server to the container of type
339 <em>Forward Request</em>:</p>
340 <div class="example"><pre>
341 AJP13_FORWARD_REQUEST :=
342 prefix_code (byte) 0x02 = JK_AJP13_FORWARD_REQUEST
349 server_port (integer)
351 num_headers (integer)
352 request_headers *(req_header_name req_header_value)
353 attributes *(attribut_name attribute_value)
354 request_terminator (byte) OxFF
356 <p>The <code>request_headers</code> have the following structure:
357 </p><div class="example"><pre>
359 sc_req_header_name | (string) [see below for how this is parsed]
361 sc_req_header_name := 0xA0xx (integer)
363 req_header_value := (string)
365 <p>The <code>attributes</code> are optional and have the following
367 <div class="example"><pre>
368 attribute_name := sc_a_name | (sc_a_req_attribute string)
370 attribute_value := (string)
373 <p>Not that the all-important header is <code>content-length</code>,
374 because it determines whether or not the container looks for another
375 packet immediately.</p>
376 <h3>Detailed description of the elements of Forward Request
378 <h3>Request prefix</h3>
379 <p>For all requests, this will be 2. See above for details on other Prefix
383 <p>The HTTP method, encoded as a single byte:</p>
385 <tr><td>Command Name</td><td>Code</td></tr>
386 <tr><td>OPTIONS</td><td>1</td></tr>
387 <tr><td>GET</td><td>2</td></tr>
388 <tr><td>HEAD</td><td>3</td></tr>
389 <tr><td>POST</td><td>4</td></tr>
390 <tr><td>PUT</td><td>5</td></tr>
391 <tr><td>DELETE</td><td>6</td></tr>
392 <tr><td>TRACE</td><td>7</td></tr>
393 <tr><td>PROPFIND</td><td>8</td></tr>
394 <tr><td>PROPPATCH</td><td>9</td></tr>
395 <tr><td>MKCOL</td><td>10</td></tr>
396 <tr><td>COPY</td><td>11</td></tr>
397 <tr><td>MOVE</td><td>12</td></tr>
398 <tr><td>LOCK</td><td>13</td></tr>
399 <tr><td>UNLOCK</td><td>14</td></tr>
400 <tr><td>ACL</td><td>15</td></tr>
401 <tr><td>REPORT</td><td>16</td></tr>
402 <tr><td>VERSION-CONTROL</td><td>17</td></tr>
403 <tr><td>CHECKIN</td><td>18</td></tr>
404 <tr><td>CHECKOUT</td><td>19</td></tr>
405 <tr><td>UNCHECKOUT</td><td>20</td></tr>
406 <tr><td>SEARCH</td><td>21</td></tr>
407 <tr><td>MKWORKSPACE</td><td>22</td></tr>
408 <tr><td>UPDATE</td><td>23</td></tr>
409 <tr><td>LABEL</td><td>24</td></tr>
410 <tr><td>MERGE</td><td>25</td></tr>
411 <tr><td>BASELINE_CONTROL</td><td>26</td></tr>
412 <tr><td>MKACTIVITY</td><td>27</td></tr>
414 <p>Later version of ajp13, will transport
415 additional methods, even if they are not in this list.</p>
417 <h3>protocol, req_uri, remote_addr, remote_host, server_name,
418 server_port, is_ssl</h3>
419 <p>These are all fairly self-explanatory. Each of these is required, and
420 will be sent for every request.</p>
423 <p>The structure of <code>request_headers</code> is the following:
424 First, the number of headers <code>num_headers</code> is encoded.
425 Then, a series of header name <code>req_header_name</code> / value
426 <code>req_header_value</code> pairs follows.
427 Common header names are encoded as integers,
428 to save space. If the header name is not in the list of basic headers,
429 it is encoded normally (as a string, with prefixed length). The list of
430 common headers <code>sc_req_header_name</code>and their codes
431 is as follows (all are case-sensitive):</p>
433 <tr><td>Name</td><td>Code value</td><td>Code name</td></tr>
434 <tr><td>accept</td><td>0xA001</td><td>SC_REQ_ACCEPT</td></tr>
435 <tr><td>accept-charset</td><td>0xA002</td><td>SC_REQ_ACCEPT_CHARSET
437 <tr><td>accept-encoding</td><td>0xA003</td><td>SC_REQ_ACCEPT_ENCODING
439 <tr><td>accept-language</td><td>0xA004</td><td>SC_REQ_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE
441 <tr><td>authorization</td><td>0xA005</td><td>SC_REQ_AUTHORIZATION</td>
443 <tr><td>connection</td><td>0xA006</td><td>SC_REQ_CONNECTION</td></tr>
444 <tr><td>content-type</td><td>0xA007</td><td>SC_REQ_CONTENT_TYPE</td>
446 <tr><td>content-length</td><td>0xA008</td><td>SC_REQ_CONTENT_LENGTH</td>
448 <tr><td>cookie</td><td>0xA009</td><td>SC_REQ_COOKIE</td></tr>
449 <tr><td>cookie2</td><td>0xA00A</td><td>SC_REQ_COOKIE2</td></tr>
450 <tr><td>host</td><td>0xA00B</td><td>SC_REQ_HOST</td></tr>
451 <tr><td>pragma</td><td>0xA00C</td><td>SC_REQ_PRAGMA</td></tr>
452 <tr><td>referer</td><td>0xA00D</td><td>SC_REQ_REFERER</td></tr>
453 <tr><td>user-agent</td><td>0xA00E</td><td>SC_REQ_USER_AGENT</td></tr>
455 <p>The Java code that reads this grabs the first two-byte integer and if
456 it sees an <code>'0xA0'</code> in the most significant
457 byte, it uses the integer in the second byte as an index into an array of
458 header names. If the first byte is not <code>0xA0</code>, it assumes that
459 the two-byte integer is the length of a string, which is then read in.</p>
460 <p>This works on the assumption that no header names will have length
461 greater than <code>0x9999 (==0xA000 - 1)</code>, which is perfectly
462 reasonable, though somewhat arbitrary.</p>
463 <div class="note"><h3>Note:</h3>
464 The <code>content-length</code> header is extremely
465 important. If it is present and non-zero, the container assumes that
466 the request has a body (a POST request, for example), and immediately
467 reads a separate packet off the input stream to get that body.
471 <p>The attributes prefixed with a <code>?</code>
472 (e.g. <code>?context</code>) are all optional. For each, there is a
473 single byte code to indicate the type of attribute, and then its value
474 (string or integer). They can be sent in any order (though the C code
475 always sends them in the order listed below). A special terminating code
476 is sent to signal the end of the list of optional attributes. The list of
479 <tr><td>Information</td><td>Code Value</td><td>Type Of Value</td><td>Note</td></tr>
480 <tr><td>?context</td><td>0x01</td><td>-</td><td>Not currently implemented
482 <tr><td>?servlet_path</td><td>0x02</td><td>-</td><td>Not currently implemented
484 <tr><td>?remote_user</td><td>0x03</td><td>String</td><td /></tr>
485 <tr><td>?auth_type</td><td>0x04</td><td>String</td><td /></tr>
486 <tr><td>?query_string</td><td>0x05</td><td>String</td><td /></tr>
487 <tr><td>?jvm_route</td><td>0x06</td><td>String</td><td /></tr>
488 <tr><td>?ssl_cert</td><td>0x07</td><td>String</td><td /></tr>
489 <tr><td>?ssl_cipher</td><td>0x08</td><td>String</td><td /></tr>
490 <tr><td>?ssl_session</td><td>0x09</td><td>String</td><td /></tr>
491 <tr><td>?req_attribute</td><td>0x0A</td><td>String</td><td>Name (the name of the
492 attribute follows)</td></tr>
493 <tr><td>?ssl_key_size</td><td>0x0B</td><td>Integer</td><td /></tr>
494 <tr><td>are_done</td><td>0xFF</td><td>-</td><td>request_terminator</td></tr>
496 <p>The <code>context</code> and <code>servlet_path</code> are not
497 currently set by the C code, and most of the Java code completely ignores
498 whatever is sent over for those fields (and some of it will actually break
499 if a string is sent along after one of those codes). I don't know if this
500 is a bug or an unimplemented feature or just vestigial code, but it's
501 missing from both sides of the connection.</p>
502 <p>The <code>remote_user</code> and <code>auth_type</code> presumably
503 refer to HTTP-level authentication, and communicate the remote user's
504 username and the type of authentication used to establish their identity
505 (e.g. Basic, Digest).</p>
506 <p>The <code>query_string</code>, <code>ssl_cert</code>,
507 <code>ssl_cipher</code>, and <code>ssl_session</code> refer to the
508 corresponding pieces of HTTP and HTTPS.</p>
509 <p>The <code>jvm_route</code>, is used to support sticky
510 sessions -- associating a user's sesson with a particular Tomcat instance
511 in the presence of multiple, load-balancing servers.</p>
512 <p>Beyond this list of basic attributes, any number of other attributes
513 can be sent via the <code>req_attribute</code> code <code>0x0A</code>.
514 A pair of strings to represent the attribute name and value are sent
515 immediately after each instance of that code. Environment values are passed
516 in via this method.</p>
517 <p>Finally, after all the attributes have been sent, the attribute
518 terminator, <code>0xFF</code>, is sent. This signals both the end of the
519 list of attributes and also then end of the Request Packet.</p>
521 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
522 <div class="section">
523 <h2><a name="resppacketstruct" id="resppacketstruct">Response Packet Structure</a></h2>
524 <p>for messages which the container can send back to the server.</p>
525 <div class="example"><pre>
526 AJP13_SEND_BODY_CHUNK :=
528 chunk_length (integer)
530 chunk_terminator (byte) Ox00
533 AJP13_SEND_HEADERS :=
535 http_status_code (integer)
536 http_status_msg (string)
537 num_headers (integer)
538 response_headers *(res_header_name header_value)
541 sc_res_header_name | (string) [see below for how this is parsed]
543 sc_res_header_name := 0xA0 (byte)
545 header_value := (string)
547 AJP13_END_RESPONSE :=
552 AJP13_GET_BODY_CHUNK :=
554 requested_length (integer)
557 <h3>Send Body Chunk</h3>
558 <p>The chunk is basically binary data, and is sent directly back to the
561 <h3>Send Headers</h3>
562 <p>The status code and message are the usual HTTP things
563 (e.g. <code>200</code> and <code>OK</code>). The response header names are
564 encoded the same way the request header names are. See header_encoding above
565 for details about how the codes are distinguished from the strings.<br />
566 The codes for common headers are:</p>
568 <tr><td>Name</td><td>Code value</td></tr>
569 <tr><td>Content-Type</td><td>0xA001</td></tr>
570 <tr><td>Content-Language</td><td>0xA002</td></tr>
571 <tr><td>Content-Length</td><td>0xA003</td></tr>
572 <tr><td>Date</td><td>0xA004</td></tr>
573 <tr><td>Last-Modified</td><td>0xA005</td></tr>
574 <tr><td>Location</td><td>0xA006</td></tr>
575 <tr><td>Set-Cookie</td><td>0xA007</td></tr>
576 <tr><td>Set-Cookie2</td><td>0xA008</td></tr>
577 <tr><td>Servlet-Engine</td><td>0xA009</td></tr>
578 <tr><td>Status</td><td>0xA00A</td></tr>
579 <tr><td>WWW-Authenticate</td><td>0xA00B</td></tr>
581 <p> After the code or the string header name, the header value is
582 immediately encoded.</p>
584 <h3>End Response</h3>
585 <p>Signals the end of this request-handling cycle. If the
586 <code>reuse</code> flag is true <code>(==1)</code>, this TCP connection can
587 now be used to handle new incoming requests. If <code>reuse</code> is false
588 (anything other than 1 in the actual C code), the connection should
591 <h3>Get Body Chunk</h3>
592 <p>The container asks for more data from the request (If the body was
593 too large to fit in the first packet sent over or when the request is
594 chunked). The server will send a body packet back with an amount of data
595 which is the minimum of the <code>request_length</code>, the maximum send
596 body size <code>(8186 (8 Kbytes - 6))</code>, and the number of bytes
597 actually left to send from the request body.<br />
598 If there is no more data in the body (i.e. the servlet container is
599 trying to read past the end of the body), the server will send back an
600 <em>empty</em> packet, which is a body packet with a payload length of 0.
601 <code>(0x12,0x34,0x00,0x00)</code></p>
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