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21 <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
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25 <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.5</a> > <a href="./">Modules</a></div>
26 <div id="page-content">
27 <div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Module mod_dbd</h1>
29 <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_dbd.html" title="English"> en </a> |
30 <a href="../fr/mod/mod_dbd.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a></p>
32 <table class="module"><tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Manages SQL database connections</td></tr>
33 <tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
34 <tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier">Module Identifier:</a></th><td>dbd_module</td></tr>
35 <tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile">Source File:</a></th><td>mod_dbd.c</td></tr></table>
38 <p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> manages SQL database connections using
39 <a class="glossarylink" href="../glossary.html#apr" title="see glossary">APR</a>. It provides database connections on request
40 to modules requiring SQL database functions, and takes care of
41 managing databases with optimal efficiency and scalability
42 for both threaded and non-threaded MPMs. For details, see the
43 <a href="http://apr.apache.org/">APR</a> website and this overview of the
44 <a href="http://people.apache.org/~niq/dbd.html">Apache DBD Framework</a>
45 by its original developer.
48 <div id="quickview"><h3>Topics</h3>
50 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#pooling">Connection Pooling</a></li>
51 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#connecting">Connecting</a></li>
52 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#API">Apache DBD API</a></li>
53 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#prepared">SQL Prepared Statements</a></li>
54 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#security">SECURITY WARNING</a></li>
55 </ul><h3 class="directives">Directives</h3>
57 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdexptime">DBDExptime</a></li>
58 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdinitsql">DBDInitSQL</a></li>
59 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdkeep">DBDKeep</a></li>
60 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdmax">DBDMax</a></li>
61 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdmin">DBDMin</a></li>
62 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdparams">DBDParams</a></li>
63 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdpersist">DBDPersist</a></li>
64 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdpreparesql">DBDPrepareSQL</a></li>
65 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdriver">DBDriver</a></li>
67 <h3>Bugfix checklist</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="https://www.apache.org/dist/httpd/CHANGES_2.4">httpd changelog</a></li><li><a href="https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/buglist.cgi?bug_status=__open__&list_id=144532&product=Apache%20httpd-2&query_format=specific&order=changeddate%20DESC%2Cpriority%2Cbug_severity&component=mod_dbd">Known issues</a></li><li><a href="https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/enter_bug.cgi?product=Apache%20httpd-2&component=mod_dbd">Report a bug</a></li></ul><h3>See also</h3>
69 <li><a href="../misc/password_encryptions.html">Password Formats</a></li>
70 <li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
71 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
73 <h2><a name="pooling" id="pooling">Connection Pooling</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#pooling" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
74 <p>This module manages database connections, in a manner
75 optimised for the platform. On non-threaded platforms,
76 it provides a persistent connection in the manner of
77 classic LAMP (Linux, Apache, Mysql, Perl/PHP/Python).
78 On threaded platform, it provides an altogether more
79 scalable and efficient <em>connection pool</em>, as
80 described in <a href="http://www.apachetutor.org/dev/reslist">this
81 article at ApacheTutor</a>. Note that <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code>
82 supersedes the modules presented in that article.</p>
83 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
85 <h2><a name="connecting" id="connecting">Connecting</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#connecting" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
87 <p>To connect to your database, you'll need to specify
88 a driver, and connection parameters. These vary from
89 one database engine to another. For example, to connect
90 to mysql, do the following:</p>
92 <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">DBDriver mysql
93 DBDParams host=localhost,dbname=pony,user=shetland,pass=appaloosa</pre>
96 <p>You can then use this connection in a variety of other
97 modules, including <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>,
98 <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_dbd.html">mod_authn_dbd</a></code>, and <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_lua.html">mod_lua</a></code>.
99 Further usage examples appear in each of those modules'
102 <p>See <code class="directive">DBDParams</code> for connection string
103 information for each of the supported database drivers.</p>
105 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
106 <div class="section">
107 <h2><a name="API" id="API">Apache DBD API</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#API" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
108 <p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> exports five functions for other modules
109 to use. The API is as follows:</p>
111 <pre class="prettyprint lang-c">typedef struct {
113 apr_dbd_driver_t *driver;
114 apr_hash_t *prepared;
117 /* Export functions to access the database */
119 /* acquire a connection that MUST be explicitly closed.
120 * Returns NULL on error
122 AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_open(apr_pool_t*, server_rec*);
124 /* release a connection acquired with ap_dbd_open */
125 AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_close(server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*);
127 /* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a request
128 * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed. Return NULL on error.
129 * This is the preferred function for most applications.
131 AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_acquire(request_rec*);
133 /* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a connection
134 * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed. Return NULL on error.
136 AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_cacquire(conn_rec*);
138 /* Prepare a statement for use by a client module */
139 AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_prepare(server_rec*, const char*, const char*);
141 /* Also export them as optional functions for modules that prefer it */
142 APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_open, (apr_pool_t*, server_rec*));
143 APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_close, (server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*));
144 APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_acquire, (request_rec*));
145 APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_cacquire, (conn_rec*));
146 APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_prepare, (server_rec*, const char*, const char*));</pre>
148 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
149 <div class="section">
150 <h2><a name="prepared" id="prepared">SQL Prepared Statements</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#prepared" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
151 <p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> supports SQL prepared statements on behalf
152 of modules that may wish to use them. Each prepared statement
153 must be assigned a name (label), and they are stored in a hash:
154 the <code>prepared</code> field of an <code>ap_dbd_t</code>.
155 Hash entries are of type <code>apr_dbd_prepared_t</code>
156 and can be used in any of the apr_dbd prepared statement
157 SQL query or select commands.</p>
159 <p>It is up to dbd user modules to use the prepared statements
160 and document what statements can be specified in httpd.conf,
161 or to provide their own directives and use <code>ap_dbd_prepare</code>.</p>
163 <div class="warning"><h3>Caveat</h3>
164 When using prepared statements with a MySQL database, it is preferred to set
165 <code>reconnect</code> to 0 in the connection string as to avoid errors that
166 arise from the MySQL client reconnecting without properly resetting the
167 prepared statements. If set to 1, any broken connections will be attempted
168 fixed, but as mod_dbd is not informed, the prepared statements will be invalidated.
170 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
171 <div class="section">
172 <h2><a name="security" id="security">SECURITY WARNING</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#security" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
174 <p>Any web/database application needs to secure itself against SQL
175 injection attacks. In most cases, Apache DBD is safe, because
176 applications use prepared statements, and untrusted inputs are
177 only ever used as data. Of course, if you use it via third-party
178 modules, you should ascertain what precautions they may require.</p>
179 <p>However, the <var>FreeTDS</var> driver is inherently
180 <strong>unsafe</strong>. The underlying library doesn't support
181 prepared statements, so the driver emulates them, and the
182 untrusted input is merged into the SQL statement.</p>
183 <p>It can be made safe by <em>untainting</em> all inputs:
184 a process inspired by Perl's taint checking. Each input
185 is matched against a regexp, and only the match is used,
186 according to the Perl idiom:</p>
187 <div class="example"><pre><code> $untrusted =~ /([a-z]+)/;
188 $trusted = $1;</code></pre></div>
189 <p>To use this, the untainting regexps must be included in the
190 prepared statements configured. The regexp follows immediately
191 after the % in the prepared statement, and is enclosed in
192 curly brackets {}. For example, if your application expects
193 alphanumeric input, you can use:</p>
194 <div class="example"><p><code>
195 <code>"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE input = %s"</code>
197 <p>with other drivers, and suffer nothing worse than a failed query.
198 But with FreeTDS you'd need:</p>
199 <div class="example"><p><code>
200 <code>"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE input = %{([A-Za-z0-9]+)}s"</code>
202 <p>Now anything that doesn't match the regexp's $1 match is
203 discarded, so the statement is safe.</p>
204 <p>An alternative to this may be the third-party ODBC driver,
205 which offers the security of genuine prepared statements.</p>
207 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
208 <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDExptime" id="DBDExptime">DBDExptime</a> <a name="dbdexptime" id="dbdexptime">Directive</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#dbdexptime" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
209 <table class="directive">
210 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Keepalive time for idle connections</td></tr>
211 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDExptime <var>time-in-seconds</var></code></td></tr>
212 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDExptime 300</code></td></tr>
213 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
214 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
215 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
217 <p>Set the time to keep idle connections alive when the number
218 of connections specified in DBDKeep has been exceeded (threaded
222 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
223 <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDInitSQL" id="DBDInitSQL">DBDInitSQL</a> <a name="dbdinitsql" id="dbdinitsql">Directive</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#dbdinitsql" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
224 <table class="directive">
225 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Execute an SQL statement after connecting to a database</td></tr>
226 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDInitSQL <var>"SQL statement"</var></code></td></tr>
227 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
228 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
229 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
231 <p>Modules, that wish it, can have one or more SQL statements
232 executed when a connection to a database is created. Example
233 usage could be initializing certain values or adding a log
234 entry when a new connection is made to the database.</p>
237 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
238 <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDKeep" id="DBDKeep">DBDKeep</a> <a name="dbdkeep" id="dbdkeep">Directive</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#dbdkeep" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
239 <table class="directive">
240 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Maximum sustained number of connections</td></tr>
241 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDKeep <var>number</var></code></td></tr>
242 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDKeep 2</code></td></tr>
243 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
244 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
245 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
247 <p>Set the maximum number of connections per process to be
248 sustained, other than for handling peak demand (threaded
252 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
253 <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDMax" id="DBDMax">DBDMax</a> <a name="dbdmax" id="dbdmax">Directive</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#dbdmax" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
254 <table class="directive">
255 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Maximum number of connections</td></tr>
256 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDMax <var>number</var></code></td></tr>
257 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDMax 10</code></td></tr>
258 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
259 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
260 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
262 <p>Set the hard maximum number of connections per process
263 (threaded platforms only).</p>
266 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
267 <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDMin" id="DBDMin">DBDMin</a> <a name="dbdmin" id="dbdmin">Directive</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#dbdmin" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
268 <table class="directive">
269 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Minimum number of connections</td></tr>
270 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDMin <var>number</var></code></td></tr>
271 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDMin 1</code></td></tr>
272 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
273 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
274 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
276 <p>Set the minimum number of connections per process (threaded
280 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
281 <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDParams" id="DBDParams">DBDParams</a> <a name="dbdparams" id="dbdparams">Directive</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#dbdparams" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
282 <table class="directive">
283 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Parameters for database connection</td></tr>
284 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDParams
285 <var>param1</var>=<var>value1</var>[,<var>param2</var>=<var>value2</var>]</code></td></tr>
286 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
287 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
288 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
290 <p>As required by the underlying driver. Typically this will be
291 used to pass whatever cannot be defaulted amongst username,
292 password, database name, hostname and port number for connection.</p>
293 <p>Connection string parameters for current drivers include:</p>
295 <dt>FreeTDS (for MSSQL and SyBase)</dt>
296 <dd>username, password, appname, dbname, host, charset, lang, server</dd>
298 <dd>host, port, user, pass, dbname, sock, flags, fldsz, group, reconnect</dd>
300 <dd>user, pass, dbname, server</dd>
302 <dd>The connection string is passed straight through to <code>PQconnectdb</code></dd>
304 <dd>The connection string is split on a colon, and <code>part1:part2</code> is used as <code>sqlite_open(part1, atoi(part2), NULL)</code></dd>
306 <dd>The connection string is passed straight through to <code>sqlite3_open</code></dd>
308 <dd>datasource, user, password, connect, ctimeout, stimeout, access, txmode, bufsize</dd>
312 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
313 <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDPersist" id="DBDPersist">DBDPersist</a> <a name="dbdpersist" id="dbdpersist">Directive</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#dbdpersist" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
314 <table class="directive">
315 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Whether to use persistent connections</td></tr>
316 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDPersist On|Off</code></td></tr>
317 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
318 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
319 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
321 <p>If set to Off, persistent and pooled connections are disabled.
322 A new database connection is opened when requested by a client,
323 and closed immediately on release. This option is for debugging
324 and low-usage servers.</p>
326 <p>The default is to enable a pool of persistent connections
327 (or a single LAMP-style persistent connection in the case of a
328 non-threaded server), and should almost always be used in operation.</p>
330 <p>Prior to version 2.2.2, this directive accepted only the values
331 <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> instead of <code>Off</code> and
332 <code>On</code>, respectively.</p>
335 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
336 <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDPrepareSQL" id="DBDPrepareSQL">DBDPrepareSQL</a> <a name="dbdpreparesql" id="dbdpreparesql">Directive</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#dbdpreparesql" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
337 <table class="directive">
338 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Define an SQL prepared statement</td></tr>
339 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDPrepareSQL <var>"SQL statement"</var> <var>label</var></code></td></tr>
340 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
341 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
342 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
344 <p>For modules such as authentication that repeatedly use a
345 single SQL statement, optimum performance is achieved by preparing
346 the statement at startup rather than every time it is used.
347 This directive prepares an SQL statement and assigns it a label.</p>
350 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
351 <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDriver" id="DBDriver">DBDriver</a> <a name="dbdriver" id="dbdriver">Directive</a><a title="Permanent link" href="#dbdriver" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
352 <table class="directive">
353 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Specify an SQL driver</td></tr>
354 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDriver <var>name</var></code></td></tr>
355 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
356 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
357 <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
359 <p>Selects an apr_dbd driver by name. The driver must be installed
360 on your system (on most systems, it will be a shared object or dll).
361 For example, <code>DBDriver mysql</code> will select the MySQL
362 driver in apr_dbd_mysql.so.</p>
366 <div class="bottomlang">
367 <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_dbd.html" title="English"> en </a> |
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