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15 <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.3</p>
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19 <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.3</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1>
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30 <p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to Apache in
31 particular, and web serving in general. More information on each concept
32 is provided in the links.</p>
34 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
36 <h2><a name="definitions" id="definitions">Definitions</a></h2>
39 <dt><a name="accesscontrol" id="accesscontrol">Access Control</a></dt>
40 <dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context
41 usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
45 <dt><a name="algorithm" id="algorithm">Algorithm</a></dt>
46 <dd>An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in a finite
47 number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called
51 <dt><a name="apacheextensiontool" id="apacheextensiontool">APache
52 eXtension Tool</a> <a name="apxs" id="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt>
53 <dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#module" title="see glossary">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects
54 (<a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#dso" title="see glossary">DSO</a>s) and helps install them in the
55 Apache Web server.<br />
56 See: Manual Page: <code class="program"><a href="./programs/apxs.html">apxs</a></code>
59 <dt><a name="apacheportableruntime" id="apacheportableruntime">Apache Portable Runtime</a> <a name="apr" id="apr">(APR)</a></dt>
60 <dd>A set of libraries providing many of the basic interfaces
61 between the server and the operating system. APR is developed
62 parallel to the Apache HTTP Server as an independent project.<br />
63 See: <a href="http://apr.apache.org/">Apache Portable Runtime
67 <dt><a name="authentication" id="authentication">Authentication</a></dt>
68 <dd>The positive identification of a network entity such as a server, a
69 client, or a user.<br />
70 See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
74 <dt><a name="certificate" id="certificate">Certificate</a></dt>
75 <dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such
76 as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces
77 about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification Authority</a> (called
78 the issuer), plus the owner's <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#publickey" title="see glossary">public
80 signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures
81 using CA certificates.<br />
82 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
85 <dt><a name="certificatsigningrequest" id="certificatsigningrequest">Certificate Signing Request</a>
86 <a name="csr" id="csr">(CSR)</a></dt>
87 <dd>An unsigned <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificate" title="see glossary">certificate</a> for
88 submission to a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification
89 Authority</a>, which signs it with the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#privatekey" title="see glossary">Private Key</a> of their CA
90 <em>Certificate</em>. Once the CSR is signed, it becomes a real
92 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
95 <dt><a name="certificationauthority" id="certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a>
96 <a name="ca" id="ca">(CA)</a></dt>
97 <dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to sign certificates for network
98 entities it has authenticated using secure means. Other network entities
99 can check the signature to verify that a CA has authenticated the bearer
100 of a certificate.<br />
101 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
104 <dt><a name="cipher" id="cipher">Cipher</a></dt>
105 <dd>An algorithm or system for data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4,
107 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
110 <dt><a name="ciphertext" id="ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></dt>
111 <dd>The result after <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#plaintext" title="see glossary">Plaintext</a> is
112 passed through a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#cipher" title="see glossary">Cipher</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
115 <dt><a name="commongatewayinterface" id="commongatewayinterface">Common
116 Gateway Interface</a> <a name="cgi" id="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt>
117 <dd>A standard definition for an interface between a web server and an
118 external program that allows the external program to service requests.
119 The interface was originally defined by <a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html">NCSA</a> but there
120 is also an <a href="http://www.w3.org/CGI/">RFC project</a>.<br />
121 See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a>
124 <dt><a name="configurationdirective" id="configurationdirective">Configuration Directive</a></dt>
125 <dd>See: <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">Directive</a></dd>
127 <dt><a name="configurationfile" id="configurationfile">Configuration
129 <dd>A text file containing <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">Directives</a>
130 that control the configuration of Apache.<br />
131 See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
134 <dt><a name="connect" id="connect">CONNECT</a></dt>
135 <dd>An HTTP <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#method" title="see glossary">method</a> for proxying raw data
136 channels over HTTP. It can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as
140 <dt><a name="context" id="context">Context</a></dt>
141 <dd>An area in the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration
142 files</a> where certain types of <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> are allowed.<br />
143 See: <a href="mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Terms Used to Describe
144 Apache Directives</a>
147 <dt><a name="digitalsignature" id="digitalsignature">Digital
149 <dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A
150 <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification Authority</a>
151 creates a signature by generating a hash of the <em>Public Key</em>
152 embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then encrypting the hash with its own
153 <em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's public key can decrypt the signature,
154 verifying that the CA has authenticated the network entity that owns the
155 <em>Certificate</em>.<br />
156 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
159 <dt><a name="directive" id="directive">Directive</a></dt>
160 <dd>A configuration command that controls one or more aspects of Apache's
161 behavior. Directives are placed in the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">Configuration File</a><br />
162 See: <a href="mod/directives.html">Directive Index</a>
165 <dt><a name="dynamicsharedobject" id="dynamicsharedobject">Dynamic
166 Shared Object</a> <a name="dso" id="dso">(DSO)</a></dt>
167 <dd><a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#module" title="see glossary">Modules</a> compiled separately from the
168 Apache <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary that can be loaded on-demand.<br />
169 See: <a href="dso.html">Dynamic Shared Object Support</a>
172 <dt><a name="environmentvariable" id="environmentvariable">Environment
173 Variable</a> <a name="env-variable" id="env-variable">(env-variable)</a></dt>
174 <dd>Named variables managed by the operating system shell and used to store
175 information and communicate between programs. Apache also contains
176 internal variables that are referred to as environment variables, but are
177 stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the shell
179 See: <a href="env.html">Environment Variables in Apache</a>
182 <dt><a name="export-crippled" id="export-crippled">Export-Crippled</a></dt>
183 <dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply
184 with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
185 Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size,
186 resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute
188 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
191 <dt><a name="filter" id="filter">Filter</a></dt>
192 <dd>A process that is applied to data that is sent or received by the
193 server. Input filters process data sent by the client to the server,
194 while output filters process documents on the server before they are sent
195 to the client. For example, the <code>INCLUDES</code> output filter
196 processes documents for <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#ssi" title="see glossary">Server Side
198 See: <a href="filter.html">Filters</a>
201 <dt><a name="fully-qualifieddomain-name" id="fully-qualifieddomain-name">Fully-Qualified Domain-Name</a>
202 <a name="fqdn" id="fqdn">(FQDN)</a></dt>
203 <dd>The unique name of a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a
204 domain name that can resolve to an IP address. For example,
205 <code>www</code> is a hostname, <code>example.com</code> is a domain name,
206 and <code>www.example.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.
209 <dt><a name="handler" id="handler">Handler</a></dt>
210 <dd>An internal Apache representation of the action to be performed when a
211 file is called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file
212 type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain
213 file types are "handled" separately. For example, the
214 <code>cgi-script</code> handler designates files to be processed as
215 <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#cgi" title="see glossary">CGIs</a>.<br />
216 See: <a href="handler.html">Apache's Handler Use</a>
219 <dt><a name="hash" id="hash">Hash</a></dt>
220 <dd>A mathematical one-way, irreversible algorithm generating a string with
221 fixed-length from another string of any length. Different input strings
222 will usually produce different hashes (depending on the hash function).
225 <dt><a name="header" id="header">Header</a></dt>
226 <dd>The part of the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a> request and
227 response that is sent before the actual content, and that contains
228 meta-information describing the content.
231 <dt><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt>
232 <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration file</a> that
233 is placed inside the web tree and applies configuration <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> to the directory where it is
234 placed and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold
235 almost any type of directive, not just access-control directives.<br />
236 See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
239 <dt><a name="httpd.conf" id="httpd.conf">httpd.conf</a></dt>
240 <dd>The main Apache <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration
241 file</a>. The default location is
242 <code>/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf</code>, but it may be moved using
243 run-time or compile-time configuration.<br />
244 See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
247 <dt><a name="hypertexttransferprotocol" id="hypertexttransferprotocol">HyperText Transfer Protocol</a>
248 <a name="http" id="hhtp">(HTTP)</a></dt>
249 <dd>The standard transmission protocol used on the World Wide Web. Apache
250 implements version 1.1 of the protocol, referred to as HTTP/1.1 and
251 defined by <a href="http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a>.
254 <dt><a name="https" id="https">HTTPS</a></dt>
255 <dd>The HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted
256 communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP
257 over <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#ssl" title="see glossary">SSL</a>.<br />
258 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
261 <dt><a name="method" id="method">Method</a></dt>
262 <dd>In the context of <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a>, an action to
263 perform on a resource, specified on the request line by the client. Some
264 of the methods available in HTTP are <code>GET</code>, <code>POST</code>,
265 and <code>PUT</code>.
268 <dt><a name="messagedigest" id="messagedigest">Message Digest</a></dt>
269 <dd>A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of
270 the message have not been altered in transit.<br />
271 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
274 <dt><a name="mime-type" id="mime-type">MIME-type</a></dt>
275 <dd>A way to describe the kind of document being transmitted. Its name
276 comes from that fact that its format is borrowed from the Multipurpose
277 Internet Mail Extensions. It consists of a major type and a minor type,
278 separated by a slash. Some examples are <code>text/html</code>,
279 <code>image/gif</code>, and <code>application/octet-stream</code>. In
280 HTTP, the MIME-type is transmitted in the <code>Content-Type</code>
281 <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#header" title="see glossary">header</a>.<br />
282 See: <a href="mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a>
285 <dt><a name="module" id="module">Module</a></dt>
286 <dd>An independent part of a program. Much of Apache's functionality is
287 contained in modules that you can choose to include or exclude. Modules
288 that are compiled into the Apache <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary are
289 called <dfn>static modules</dfn>, while modules that are stored
290 separately and can be optionally loaded at run-time are called
291 <dfn>dynamic modules</dfn> or <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#dso" title="see glossary">DSOs</a>.
292 Modules that are included by default
293 are called <dfn>base modules</dfn>. Many modules are available for Apache
294 that are not distributed as part of the Apache HTTP Server <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#tarball" title="see glossary">tarball</a>. These are referred to as
295 <dfn>third-party modules</dfn>.<br />
296 See: <a href="mod/">Module Index</a>
299 <dt><a name="modulemagicnumber" id="modulemagicnumber">Module Magic
300 Number</a> (<a name="mmn" id="mmn">MMN</a>)</dt>
301 <dd>Module Magic Number is a constant defined in the Apache source code that
302 is associated with binary compatibility of modules. It is changed when
303 internal Apache structures, function calls and other significant parts of
304 API change in such a way that binary compatibility cannot be guaranteed
305 any more. On MMN change, all third party modules have to be at least
306 recompiled, sometimes even slightly changed in order to work with the new
310 <dt><a name="openssl" id="openssl">OpenSSL</a></dt>
311 <dd>The Open Source toolkit for SSL/TLS<br />
312 See <a href="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</a>#
315 <dt><a name="passphrase" id="passphrase">Pass Phrase</a></dt>
316 <dd>The word or phrase that protects private key files. It prevents
317 unauthorized users from encrypting them. Usually it's just the secret
318 encryption/decryption key used for <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#cipher" title="see glossary">Ciphers</a>.<br />
319 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
322 <dt><a name="plaintext" id="plaintext">Plaintext</a></dt>
323 <dd>The unencrypted text.</dd>
325 <dt><a name="privatekey" id="privatekey">Private Key</a></dt>
326 <dd>The secret key in a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#publickeycryptography" title="see glossary">Public Key
327 Cryptography</a> system, used to decrypt incoming messages and
328 sign outgoing ones.<br />
329 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
332 <dt><a name="proxy" id="proxy">Proxy</a></dt>
333 <dd>An intermediate server that sits between the client and the <em>origin
334 server</em>. It accepts requests from clients, transmits those requests
335 on to the origin server, and then returns the response from the origin
336 server to the client. If several clients request the same content, the
337 proxy can deliver that content from its cache, rather than requesting it
338 from the origin server each time, thereby reducing response time.<br />
339 See: <a href="mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a>
342 <dt><a name="publickey" id="publickey">Public Key</a></dt>
343 <dd>The publicly available key in a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#publickeycryptography" title="see glossary">Public Key Cryptography</a> system,
344 used to encrypt messages bound for its owner and to decrypt signatures
345 made by its owner.<br />
346 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
349 <dt><a name="publickeycryptography" id="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a></dt>
350 <dd>The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which use
351 one key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding pair of
352 such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric Cryptography.
354 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
357 <dt><a name="regularexpresion" id="regularexpresion">Regular Expression</a>
358 <a name="regex" id="regex">(Regex)</a></dt>
359 <dd>A way of describing a pattern in text - for example, "all the words that
360 begin with the letter A" or "every 10-digit phone number" or even "Every
361 sentence with two commas in it, and no capital letter Q". Regular
362 expressions are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain
363 attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible ways
364 - for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images" directory could
365 be written as "<code>/images/.*(jpg|gif)$</code>". In places where
366 regular expressions are used to replace strings, the special variables
367 $1 ... $9 contain backreferences to the grouped parts (in parentheses) of
368 the matched expression. The special variable $0 contains a backerference
369 to the whole matched expression. To write a literal dollar sign in a
370 replacement string, it can be escaped with a backslash. Historically, the
371 variable & could be used as alias for $0 in some places. This is no
372 longer possible since version 2.3.6. Apache uses Perl Compatible Regular
373 Expressions provided by the <a href="http://www.pcre.org/">PCRE</a>
374 library. You can find more documentation about PCRE's regular expression
375 syntax at that site, or at
376 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCRE">Wikipedia</a>.
379 <dt><a name="reverseproxy" id="reverseproxy">Reverse Proxy</a></dt>
380 <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#proxy" title="see glossary">proxy</a> server that appears to the client
381 as if it is an <em>origin server</em>. This is useful to hide the real
382 origin server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.
385 <dt><a name="securesocketslayer" id="securesocketslayer">Secure Sockets
386 Layer</a> <a name="ssl" id="ssl">(SSL)</a></dt>
387 <dd>A protocol created by Netscape Communications Corporation for general
388 communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most
389 popular usage is <em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
391 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
394 <dt><a name="servernameindication" id="servernameindication">Server Name
395 Indication</a> <a name="sni" id="sni">(SNI)</a></dt>
396 <dd>An SSL function that allows passing the desired server
397 hostname in the initial SSL handshake message, so that the web
398 server can select the correct virtual host configuration to use
399 in processing the SSL handshake. It was added to SSL starting
400 with the TLS extensions, RFC 3546. <br />
401 See: <a href="ssl/ssl_faq.html">the SSL FAQ</a>
402 and <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3546.txt">RFC 3546</a>
405 <dt><a name="serversideincludes" id="serversideincludes">Server Side
406 Includes</a> <a name="ssi" id="ssi">(SSI)</a></dt>
407 <dd>A technique for embedding processing directives inside HTML files.<br />
408 See: <a href="howto/ssi.html">Introduction to Server Side Includes</a>
411 <dt><a name="session" id="session">Session</a></dt>
412 <dd>The context information of a communication in general.</dd>
414 <dt><a name="ssleay" id="ssleay">SSLeay</a></dt>
415 <dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by Eric A.
419 <dt><a name="symmetriccryptophraphy" id="symmetriccryptophraphy">Symmetric
420 Cryptography</a></dt>
421 <dd>The study and application of <em>Ciphers</em> that use a single secret key
422 for both encryption and decryption operations.<br />
423 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
426 <dt><a name="tarball" id="tarball">Tarball</a></dt>
427 <dd>A package of files gathered together using the <code>tar</code> utility.
428 Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives or using
432 <dt><a name="transportlayersecurity" id="transportlayersecurity">Transport
433 Layer Security</a> <a name="tls" id="tls">(TLS)</a></dt>
434 <dd>The successor protocol to SSL, created by the Internet Engineering Task
435 Force (IETF) for general communication authentication and encryption over
436 TCP/IP networks. TLS version 1 is nearly identical with SSL version 3.<br />
437 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
440 <dt><a name="uniformresourcelocator" id="uniformresourcelocator">Uniform
441 Resource Locator</a> <a name="url" id="url">(URL)</a></dt>
442 <dd>The name/address of a resource on the Internet. This is the common
443 informal term for what is formally called a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#uniformresourceidentifier" title="see glossary">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>.
444 URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like <code>http</code> or
445 <code>https</code>, a hostname, and a path. A URL for this page might
446 be <code>http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/glossary.html</code>.
449 <dt><a name="uniformresourceidentifier" id="uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>
450 <a name="URI" id="URI">(URI)</a></dt>
451 <dd>A compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical
452 resource. It is formally defined by <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>. URIs used on the
453 world-wide web are commonly referred to as <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#url" title="see glossary">URLs</a>.
456 <dt><a name="virtualhosting" id="virtualhosting">Virtual Hosting</a></dt>
457 <dd>Serving multiple websites using a single instance of Apache. <em>IP
458 virtual hosting</em> differentiates between websites based on their IP
459 address, while <em>name-based virtual hosting</em> uses only the name of the
460 host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP address.<br />
461 See: <a href="vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host documentation</a>
464 <dt><a name="x.509" id="x.509">X.509</a></dt>
465 <dd>An authentication certificate scheme recommended by the International
466 Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
470 <div class="bottomlang">
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