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18 <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
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22 <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.5</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1>
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33 <p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to Apache in
34 particular, and web serving in general. More information on each concept
35 is provided in the links.</p>
37 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
39 <h2><a name="definitions" id="definitions">Definitions</a></h2>
42 <dt><a name="accesscontrol" id="accesscontrol">Access Control</a></dt>
43 <dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context
44 usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
48 <dt><a name="algorithm" id="algorithm">Algorithm</a></dt>
49 <dd>An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in a finite
50 number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called
54 <dt><a name="apacheextensiontool" id="apacheextensiontool">APache
55 eXtension Tool</a> <a name="apxs" id="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt>
56 <dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#module" title="see glossary">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects
57 (<a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#dso" title="see glossary">DSO</a>s) and helps install them in the
58 Apache Web server.<br />
59 See: Manual Page: <code class="program"><a href="./programs/apxs.html">apxs</a></code>
62 <dt><a name="apacheportableruntime" id="apacheportableruntime">Apache Portable Runtime</a> <a name="apr" id="apr">(APR)</a></dt>
63 <dd>A set of libraries providing many of the basic interfaces
64 between the server and the operating system. APR is developed
65 parallel to the Apache HTTP Server as an independent project.<br />
66 See: <a href="http://apr.apache.org/">Apache Portable Runtime
70 <dt><a name="authentication" id="authentication">Authentication</a></dt>
71 <dd>The positive identification of a network entity such as a server, a
72 client, or a user.<br />
73 See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
77 <dt><a name="certificate" id="certificate">Certificate</a></dt>
78 <dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such
79 as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces
80 about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification Authority</a> (called
81 the issuer), plus the owner's <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#publickey" title="see glossary">public
83 signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures
84 using CA certificates.<br />
85 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
88 <dt><a name="certificatsigningrequest" id="certificatsigningrequest">Certificate Signing Request</a>
89 <a name="csr" id="csr">(CSR)</a></dt>
90 <dd>An unsigned <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificate" title="see glossary">certificate</a> for
91 submission to a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification
92 Authority</a>, which signs it with the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#privatekey" title="see glossary">Private Key</a> of their CA
93 <em>Certificate</em>. Once the CSR is signed, it becomes a real
95 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
98 <dt><a name="certificationauthority" id="certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a>
99 <a name="ca" id="ca">(CA)</a></dt>
100 <dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to sign certificates for network
101 entities it has authenticated using secure means. Other network entities
102 can check the signature to verify that a CA has authenticated the bearer
103 of a certificate.<br />
104 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
107 <dt><a name="cipher" id="cipher">Cipher</a></dt>
108 <dd>An algorithm or system for data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4,
110 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
113 <dt><a name="ciphertext" id="ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></dt>
114 <dd>The result after <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#plaintext" title="see glossary">Plaintext</a> is
115 passed through a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#cipher" title="see glossary">Cipher</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
118 <dt><a name="commongatewayinterface" id="commongatewayinterface">Common
119 Gateway Interface</a> <a name="cgi" id="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt>
120 <dd>A standard definition for an interface between a web server and an
121 external program that allows the external program to service requests.
122 There is an <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3875">Informational
123 RFC</a> which covers the specifics.<br />
124 See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a>
127 <dt><a name="configurationdirective" id="configurationdirective">Configuration Directive</a></dt>
128 <dd>See: <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">Directive</a></dd>
130 <dt><a name="configurationfile" id="configurationfile">Configuration
132 <dd>A text file containing <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">Directives</a>
133 that control the configuration of Apache.<br />
134 See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
137 <dt><a name="connect" id="connect">CONNECT</a></dt>
138 <dd>An HTTP <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#method" title="see glossary">method</a> for proxying raw data
139 channels over HTTP. It can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as
143 <dt><a name="context" id="context">Context</a></dt>
144 <dd>An area in the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration
145 files</a> where certain types of <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> are allowed.<br />
146 See: <a href="mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Terms Used to Describe
147 Apache Directives</a>
150 <dt><a name="digitalsignature" id="digitalsignature">Digital
152 <dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A
153 <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification Authority</a>
154 creates a signature by generating a hash of the <em>Public Key</em>
155 embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then encrypting the hash with its own
156 <em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's public key can decrypt the signature,
157 verifying that the CA has authenticated the network entity that owns the
158 <em>Certificate</em>.<br />
159 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
162 <dt><a name="directive" id="directive">Directive</a></dt>
163 <dd>A configuration command that controls one or more aspects of Apache's
164 behavior. Directives are placed in the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">Configuration File</a><br />
165 See: <a href="mod/directives.html">Directive Index</a>
168 <dt><a name="dynamicsharedobject" id="dynamicsharedobject">Dynamic
169 Shared Object</a> <a name="dso" id="dso">(DSO)</a></dt>
170 <dd><a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#module" title="see glossary">Modules</a> compiled separately from the
171 Apache <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary that can be loaded on-demand.<br />
172 See: <a href="dso.html">Dynamic Shared Object Support</a>
175 <dt><a name="environmentvariable" id="environmentvariable">Environment
176 Variable</a> <a name="env-variable" id="env-variable">(env-variable)</a></dt>
177 <dd>Named variables managed by the operating system shell and used to store
178 information and communicate between programs. Apache also contains
179 internal variables that are referred to as environment variables, but are
180 stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the shell
182 See: <a href="env.html">Environment Variables in Apache</a>
185 <dt><a name="export-crippled" id="export-crippled">Export-Crippled</a></dt>
186 <dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply
187 with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
188 Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size,
189 resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute
191 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
194 <dt><a name="filter" id="filter">Filter</a></dt>
195 <dd>A process that is applied to data that is sent or received by the
196 server. Input filters process data sent by the client to the server,
197 while output filters process documents on the server before they are sent
198 to the client. For example, the <code>INCLUDES</code> output filter
199 processes documents for <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#ssi" title="see glossary">Server Side
201 See: <a href="filter.html">Filters</a>
204 <dt><a name="fully-qualifieddomain-name" id="fully-qualifieddomain-name">Fully-Qualified Domain-Name</a>
205 <a name="fqdn" id="fqdn">(FQDN)</a></dt>
206 <dd>The unique name of a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a
207 domain name that can resolve to an IP address. For example,
208 <code>www</code> is a hostname, <code>example.com</code> is a domain name,
209 and <code>www.example.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.
212 <dt><a name="handler" id="handler">Handler</a></dt>
213 <dd>An internal Apache representation of the action to be performed when a
214 file is called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file
215 type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain
216 file types are "handled" separately. For example, the
217 <code>cgi-script</code> handler designates files to be processed as
218 <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#cgi" title="see glossary">CGIs</a>.<br />
219 See: <a href="handler.html">Apache's Handler Use</a>
222 <dt><a name="hash" id="hash">Hash</a></dt>
223 <dd>A mathematical one-way, irreversible algorithm generating a string with
224 fixed-length from another string of any length. Different input strings
225 will usually produce different hashes (depending on the hash function).
228 <dt><a name="header" id="header">Header</a></dt>
229 <dd>The part of the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a> request and
230 response that is sent before the actual content, and that contains
231 meta-information describing the content.
234 <dt><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt>
235 <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration file</a> that
236 is placed inside the web tree and applies configuration <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> to the directory where it is
237 placed and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold
238 almost any type of directive, not just access-control directives.<br />
239 See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
242 <dt><a name="httpd.conf" id="httpd.conf">httpd.conf</a></dt>
243 <dd>The main Apache <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration
244 file</a>. The default location is
245 <code>/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf</code>, but it may be moved using
246 run-time or compile-time configuration.<br />
247 See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
250 <dt><a name="hypertexttransferprotocol" id="hypertexttransferprotocol">HyperText Transfer Protocol</a>
251 <a name="http" id="hhtp">(HTTP)</a></dt>
252 <dd>The standard transmission protocol used on the World Wide Web. Apache
253 implements version 1.1 of the protocol, referred to as HTTP/1.1 and
254 defined by <a href="http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a>.
257 <dt><a name="https" id="https">HTTPS</a></dt>
258 <dd>The HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted
259 communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP
260 over <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#ssl" title="see glossary">SSL</a>.<br />
261 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
264 <dt><a name="method" id="method">Method</a></dt>
265 <dd>In the context of <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a>, an action to
266 perform on a resource, specified on the request line by the client. Some
267 of the methods available in HTTP are <code>GET</code>, <code>POST</code>,
268 and <code>PUT</code>.
271 <dt><a name="messagedigest" id="messagedigest">Message Digest</a></dt>
272 <dd>A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of
273 the message have not been altered in transit.<br />
274 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
277 <dt><a name="mime-type" id="mime-type">MIME-type</a></dt>
278 <dd>A way to describe the kind of document being transmitted. Its name
279 comes from that fact that its format is borrowed from the Multipurpose
280 Internet Mail Extensions. It consists of a major type and a minor type,
281 separated by a slash. Some examples are <code>text/html</code>,
282 <code>image/gif</code>, and <code>application/octet-stream</code>. In
283 HTTP, the MIME-type is transmitted in the <code>Content-Type</code>
284 <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#header" title="see glossary">header</a>.<br />
285 See: <a href="mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a>
288 <dt><a name="module" id="module">Module</a></dt>
289 <dd>An independent part of a program. Much of Apache's functionality is
290 contained in modules that you can choose to include or exclude. Modules
291 that are compiled into the Apache <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary are
292 called <dfn>static modules</dfn>, while modules that are stored
293 separately and can be optionally loaded at run-time are called
294 <dfn>dynamic modules</dfn> or <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#dso" title="see glossary">DSOs</a>.
295 Modules that are included by default
296 are called <dfn>base modules</dfn>. Many modules are available for Apache
297 that are not distributed as part of the Apache HTTP Server <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#tarball" title="see glossary">tarball</a>. These are referred to as
298 <dfn>third-party modules</dfn>.<br />
299 See: <a href="mod/">Module Index</a>
302 <dt><a name="modulemagicnumber" id="modulemagicnumber">Module Magic
303 Number</a> (<a name="mmn" id="mmn">MMN</a>)</dt>
304 <dd>Module Magic Number is a constant defined in the Apache source code that
305 is associated with binary compatibility of modules. It is changed when
306 internal Apache structures, function calls and other significant parts of
307 API change in such a way that binary compatibility cannot be guaranteed
308 any more. On MMN change, all third party modules have to be at least
309 recompiled, sometimes even slightly changed in order to work with the new
313 <dt><a name="openssl" id="openssl">OpenSSL</a></dt>
314 <dd>The Open Source toolkit for SSL/TLS<br />
315 See <a href="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</a>#
318 <dt><a name="passphrase" id="passphrase">Pass Phrase</a></dt>
319 <dd>The word or phrase that protects private key files. It prevents
320 unauthorized users from encrypting them. Usually it's just the secret
321 encryption/decryption key used for <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#cipher" title="see glossary">Ciphers</a>.<br />
322 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
325 <dt><a name="plaintext" id="plaintext">Plaintext</a></dt>
326 <dd>The unencrypted text.</dd>
328 <dt><a name="privatekey" id="privatekey">Private Key</a></dt>
329 <dd>The secret key in a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#publickeycryptography" title="see glossary">Public Key
330 Cryptography</a> system, used to decrypt incoming messages and
331 sign outgoing ones.<br />
332 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
335 <dt><a name="proxy" id="proxy">Proxy</a></dt>
336 <dd>An intermediate server that sits between the client and the <em>origin
337 server</em>. It accepts requests from clients, transmits those requests
338 on to the origin server, and then returns the response from the origin
339 server to the client. If several clients request the same content, the
340 proxy can deliver that content from its cache, rather than requesting it
341 from the origin server each time, thereby reducing response time.<br />
342 See: <a href="mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a>
345 <dt><a name="publickey" id="publickey">Public Key</a></dt>
346 <dd>The publicly available key in a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#publickeycryptography" title="see glossary">Public Key Cryptography</a> system,
347 used to encrypt messages bound for its owner and to decrypt signatures
348 made by its owner.<br />
349 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
352 <dt><a name="publickeycryptography" id="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a></dt>
353 <dd>The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which use
354 one key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding pair of
355 such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric Cryptography.
357 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
360 <dt><a name="regularexpresion" id="regularexpresion">Regular Expression</a>
361 <a name="regex" id="regex">(Regex)</a></dt>
362 <dd>A way of describing a pattern in text - for example, "all the words that
363 begin with the letter A" or "every 10-digit phone number" or even "Every
364 sentence with two commas in it, and no capital letter Q". Regular
365 expressions are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain
366 attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible ways
367 - for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images" directory could
368 be written as "<code>/images/.*(jpg|gif)$</code>". In places where
369 regular expressions are used to replace strings, the special variables
370 $1 ... $9 contain backreferences to the grouped parts (in parentheses) of
371 the matched expression. The special variable $0 contains a backerference
372 to the whole matched expression. To write a literal dollar sign in a
373 replacement string, it can be escaped with a backslash. Historically, the
374 variable & could be used as alias for $0 in some places. This is no
375 longer possible since version 2.3.6. Apache uses Perl Compatible Regular
376 Expressions provided by the <a href="http://www.pcre.org/">PCRE</a>
377 library. You can find more documentation about PCRE's regular expression
378 syntax at that site, or at
379 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCRE">Wikipedia</a>.
382 <dt><a name="reverseproxy" id="reverseproxy">Reverse Proxy</a></dt>
383 <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#proxy" title="see glossary">proxy</a> server that appears to the client
384 as if it is an <em>origin server</em>. This is useful to hide the real
385 origin server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.
388 <dt><a name="securesocketslayer" id="securesocketslayer">Secure Sockets
389 Layer</a> <a name="ssl" id="ssl">(SSL)</a></dt>
390 <dd>A protocol created by Netscape Communications Corporation for general
391 communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most
392 popular usage is <em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
394 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
397 <dt><a name="servernameindication" id="servernameindication">Server Name
398 Indication</a> <a name="sni" id="sni">(SNI)</a></dt>
399 <dd>An SSL function that allows passing the desired server
400 hostname in the initial SSL handshake message, so that the web
401 server can select the correct virtual host configuration to use
402 in processing the SSL handshake. It was added to SSL starting
403 with the TLS extensions, RFC 3546. <br />
404 See: <a href="ssl/ssl_faq.html">the SSL FAQ</a>
405 and <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3546.txt">RFC 3546</a>
408 <dt><a name="serversideincludes" id="serversideincludes">Server Side
409 Includes</a> <a name="ssi" id="ssi">(SSI)</a></dt>
410 <dd>A technique for embedding processing directives inside HTML files.<br />
411 See: <a href="howto/ssi.html">Introduction to Server Side Includes</a>
414 <dt><a name="session" id="session">Session</a></dt>
415 <dd>The context information of a communication in general.</dd>
417 <dt><a name="ssleay" id="ssleay">SSLeay</a></dt>
418 <dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by Eric A.
422 <dt><a name="symmetriccryptophraphy" id="symmetriccryptophraphy">Symmetric
423 Cryptography</a></dt>
424 <dd>The study and application of <em>Ciphers</em> that use a single secret key
425 for both encryption and decryption operations.<br />
426 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
429 <dt><a name="tarball" id="tarball">Tarball</a></dt>
430 <dd>A package of files gathered together using the <code>tar</code> utility.
431 Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives or using
435 <dt><a name="transportlayersecurity" id="transportlayersecurity">Transport
436 Layer Security</a> <a name="tls" id="tls">(TLS)</a></dt>
437 <dd>The successor protocol to SSL, created by the Internet Engineering Task
438 Force (IETF) for general communication authentication and encryption over
439 TCP/IP networks. TLS version 1 is nearly identical with SSL version 3.<br />
440 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
443 <dt><a name="uniformresourcelocator" id="uniformresourcelocator">Uniform
444 Resource Locator</a> <a name="url" id="url">(URL)</a></dt>
445 <dd>The name/address of a resource on the Internet. This is the common
446 informal term for what is formally called a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#uniformresourceidentifier" title="see glossary">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>.
447 URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like <code>http</code> or
448 <code>https</code>, a hostname, and a path. A URL for this page might
449 be <code>http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/glossary.html</code>.
452 <dt><a name="uniformresourceidentifier" id="uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>
453 <a name="URI" id="URI">(URI)</a></dt>
454 <dd>A compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical
455 resource. It is formally defined by <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>. URIs used on the
456 world-wide web are commonly referred to as <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#url" title="see glossary">URLs</a>.
459 <dt><a name="virtualhosting" id="virtualhosting">Virtual Hosting</a></dt>
460 <dd>Serving multiple websites using a single instance of Apache. <em>IP
461 virtual hosting</em> differentiates between websites based on their IP
462 address, while <em>name-based virtual hosting</em> uses only the name of the
463 host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP address.<br />
464 See: <a href="vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host documentation</a>
467 <dt><a name="x.509" id="x.509">X.509</a></dt>
468 <dd>An authentication certificate scheme recommended by the International
469 Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
473 <div class="bottomlang">
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