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10 <title>Glossary - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</title>
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20 <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
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24 <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.5</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1>
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35 <p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to Apache in
36 particular, and web serving in general. More information on each concept
37 is provided in the links.</p>
39 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
41 <h2><a name="definitions" id="definitions">Definitions</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#definitions" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
44 <dt><a name="accesscontrol" id="accesscontrol">Access Control</a></dt>
45 <dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context
46 usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
50 <dt><a name="algorithm" id="algorithm">Algorithm</a></dt>
51 <dd>An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in a finite
52 number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called
56 <dt><a name="apacheextensiontool" id="apacheextensiontool">APache
57 eXtension Tool</a> <a name="apxs" id="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt>
58 <dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#module" title="see glossary">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects
59 (<a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#dso" title="see glossary">DSO</a>s) and helps install them in the
60 Apache Web server.<br />
61 See: Manual Page: <code class="program"><a href="./programs/apxs.html">apxs</a></code>
64 <dt><a name="apacheportableruntime" id="apacheportableruntime">Apache Portable Runtime</a> <a name="apr" id="apr">(APR)</a></dt>
65 <dd>A set of libraries providing many of the basic interfaces
66 between the server and the operating system. APR is developed
67 parallel to the Apache HTTP Server as an independent project.<br />
68 See: <a href="http://apr.apache.org/">Apache Portable Runtime
72 <dt><a name="authentication" id="authentication">Authentication</a></dt>
73 <dd>The positive identification of a network entity such as a server, a
74 client, or a user.<br />
75 See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
79 <dt><a name="certificate" id="certificate">Certificate</a></dt>
80 <dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such
81 as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces
82 about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification Authority</a> (called
83 the issuer), plus the owner's <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#publickey" title="see glossary">public
85 signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures
86 using CA certificates.<br />
87 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
90 <dt><a name="certificatsigningrequest" id="certificatsigningrequest">Certificate Signing Request</a>
91 <a name="csr" id="csr">(CSR)</a></dt>
92 <dd>An unsigned <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificate" title="see glossary">certificate</a> for
93 submission to a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification
94 Authority</a>, which signs it with the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#privatekey" title="see glossary">Private Key</a> of their CA
95 <em>Certificate</em>. Once the CSR is signed, it becomes a real
97 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
100 <dt><a name="certificationauthority" id="certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a>
101 <a name="ca" id="ca">(CA)</a></dt>
102 <dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to sign certificates for network
103 entities it has authenticated using secure means. Other network entities
104 can check the signature to verify that a CA has authenticated the bearer
105 of a certificate.<br />
106 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
109 <dt><a name="cipher" id="cipher">Cipher</a></dt>
110 <dd>An algorithm or system for data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4,
112 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
115 <dt><a name="ciphertext" id="ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></dt>
116 <dd>The result after <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#plaintext" title="see glossary">Plaintext</a> is
117 passed through a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#cipher" title="see glossary">Cipher</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
120 <dt><a name="commongatewayinterface" id="commongatewayinterface">Common
121 Gateway Interface</a> <a name="cgi" id="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt>
122 <dd>A standard definition for an interface between a web server and an
123 external program that allows the external program to service requests.
124 There is an <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3875">Informational
125 RFC</a> which covers the specifics.<br />
126 See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a>
129 <dt><a name="configurationdirective" id="configurationdirective">Configuration Directive</a></dt>
130 <dd>See: <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">Directive</a></dd>
132 <dt><a name="configurationfile" id="configurationfile">Configuration
134 <dd>A text file containing <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">Directives</a>
135 that control the configuration of Apache.<br />
136 See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
139 <dt><a name="connect" id="connect">CONNECT</a></dt>
140 <dd>An HTTP <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#method" title="see glossary">method</a> for proxying raw data
141 channels over HTTP. It can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as
145 <dt><a name="context" id="context">Context</a></dt>
146 <dd>An area in the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration
147 files</a> where certain types of <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> are allowed.<br />
148 See: <a href="mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Terms Used to Describe
149 Apache Directives</a>
152 <dt><a name="digitalsignature" id="digitalsignature">Digital
154 <dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A
155 <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification Authority</a>
156 creates a signature by generating a hash of the <em>Public Key</em>
157 embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then encrypting the hash with its own
158 <em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's public key can decrypt the signature,
159 verifying that the CA has authenticated the network entity that owns the
160 <em>Certificate</em>.<br />
161 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
164 <dt><a name="directive" id="directive">Directive</a></dt>
165 <dd>A configuration command that controls one or more aspects of Apache's
166 behavior. Directives are placed in the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">Configuration File</a><br />
167 See: <a href="mod/directives.html">Directive Index</a>
170 <dt><a name="dynamicsharedobject" id="dynamicsharedobject">Dynamic
171 Shared Object</a> <a name="dso" id="dso">(DSO)</a></dt>
172 <dd><a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#module" title="see glossary">Modules</a> compiled separately from the
173 Apache <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary that can be loaded on-demand.<br />
174 See: <a href="dso.html">Dynamic Shared Object Support</a>
177 <dt><a name="environmentvariable" id="environmentvariable">Environment
178 Variable</a> <a name="env-variable" id="env-variable">(env-variable)</a></dt>
179 <dd>Named variables managed by the operating system shell and used to store
180 information and communicate between programs. Apache also contains
181 internal variables that are referred to as environment variables, but are
182 stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the shell
184 See: <a href="env.html">Environment Variables in Apache</a>
187 <dt><a name="export-crippled" id="export-crippled">Export-Crippled</a></dt>
188 <dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply
189 with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
190 Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size,
191 resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute
193 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
196 <dt><a name="filter" id="filter">Filter</a></dt>
197 <dd>A process that is applied to data that is sent or received by the
198 server. Input filters process data sent by the client to the server,
199 while output filters process documents on the server before they are sent
200 to the client. For example, the <code>INCLUDES</code> output filter
201 processes documents for <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#ssi" title="see glossary">Server Side
203 See: <a href="filter.html">Filters</a>
206 <dt><a name="fully-qualifieddomain-name" id="fully-qualifieddomain-name">Fully-Qualified Domain-Name</a>
207 <a name="fqdn" id="fqdn">(FQDN)</a></dt>
208 <dd>The unique name of a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a
209 domain name that can resolve to an IP address. For example,
210 <code>www</code> is a hostname, <code>example.com</code> is a domain name,
211 and <code>www.example.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.
214 <dt><a name="handler" id="handler">Handler</a></dt>
215 <dd>An internal Apache representation of the action to be performed when a
216 file is called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file
217 type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain
218 file types are "handled" separately. For example, the
219 <code>cgi-script</code> handler designates files to be processed as
220 <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#cgi" title="see glossary">CGIs</a>.<br />
221 See: <a href="handler.html">Apache's Handler Use</a>
224 <dt><a name="hash" id="hash">Hash</a></dt>
225 <dd>A mathematical one-way, irreversible algorithm generating a string with
226 fixed-length from another string of any length. Different input strings
227 will usually produce different hashes (depending on the hash function).
230 <dt><a name="header" id="header">Header</a></dt>
231 <dd>The part of the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a> request and
232 response that is sent before the actual content, and that contains
233 meta-information describing the content.
236 <dt><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt>
237 <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration file</a> that
238 is placed inside the web tree and applies configuration <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> to the directory where it is
239 placed and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold
240 almost any type of directive, not just access-control directives.<br />
241 See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
244 <dt><a name="httpd.conf" id="httpd.conf">httpd.conf</a></dt>
245 <dd>The main Apache <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration
246 file</a>. The default location is
247 <code>/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf</code>, but it may be moved using
248 run-time or compile-time configuration.<br />
249 See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
252 <dt><a name="hypertexttransferprotocol" id="hypertexttransferprotocol">HyperText Transfer Protocol</a>
253 <a name="http" id="hhtp">(HTTP)</a></dt>
254 <dd>The standard transmission protocol used on the World Wide Web. Apache
255 implements version 1.1 of the protocol, referred to as HTTP/1.1 and
256 defined by <a href="http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a>.
259 <dt><a name="https" id="https">HTTPS</a></dt>
260 <dd>The HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted
261 communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP
262 over <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#ssl" title="see glossary">SSL</a>.<br />
263 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
266 <dt><a name="method" id="method">Method</a></dt>
267 <dd>In the context of <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a>, an action to
268 perform on a resource, specified on the request line by the client. Some
269 of the methods available in HTTP are <code>GET</code>, <code>POST</code>,
270 and <code>PUT</code>.
273 <dt><a name="messagedigest" id="messagedigest">Message Digest</a></dt>
274 <dd>A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of
275 the message have not been altered in transit.<br />
276 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
279 <dt><a name="mime-type" id="mime-type">MIME-type</a></dt>
280 <dd>A way to describe the kind of document being transmitted. Its name
281 comes from that fact that its format is borrowed from the Multipurpose
282 Internet Mail Extensions. It consists of a major type and a minor type,
283 separated by a slash. Some examples are <code>text/html</code>,
284 <code>image/gif</code>, and <code>application/octet-stream</code>. In
285 HTTP, the MIME-type is transmitted in the <code>Content-Type</code>
286 <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#header" title="see glossary">header</a>.<br />
287 See: <a href="mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a>
290 <dt><a name="module" id="module">Module</a></dt>
291 <dd>An independent part of a program. Much of Apache's functionality is
292 contained in modules that you can choose to include or exclude. Modules
293 that are compiled into the Apache <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary are
294 called <dfn>static modules</dfn>, while modules that are stored
295 separately and can be optionally loaded at run-time are called
296 <dfn>dynamic modules</dfn> or <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#dso" title="see glossary">DSOs</a>.
297 Modules that are included by default
298 are called <dfn>base modules</dfn>. Many modules are available for Apache
299 that are not distributed as part of the Apache HTTP Server <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#tarball" title="see glossary">tarball</a>. These are referred to as
300 <dfn>third-party modules</dfn>.<br />
301 See: <a href="mod/">Module Index</a>
304 <dt><a name="modulemagicnumber" id="modulemagicnumber">Module Magic
305 Number</a> (<a name="mmn" id="mmn">MMN</a>)</dt>
306 <dd>Module Magic Number is a constant defined in the Apache source code that
307 is associated with binary compatibility of modules. It is changed when
308 internal Apache structures, function calls and other significant parts of
309 API change in such a way that binary compatibility cannot be guaranteed
310 any more. On MMN change, all third party modules have to be at least
311 recompiled, sometimes even slightly changed in order to work with the new
315 <dt><a name="openssl" id="openssl">OpenSSL</a></dt>
316 <dd>The Open Source toolkit for SSL/TLS<br />
317 See <a href="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</a>#
320 <dt><a name="passphrase" id="passphrase">Pass Phrase</a></dt>
321 <dd>The word or phrase that protects private key files. It prevents
322 unauthorized users from encrypting them. Usually it's just the secret
323 encryption/decryption key used for <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#cipher" title="see glossary">Ciphers</a>.<br />
324 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
327 <dt><a name="plaintext" id="plaintext">Plaintext</a></dt>
328 <dd>The unencrypted text.</dd>
330 <dt><a name="privatekey" id="privatekey">Private Key</a></dt>
331 <dd>The secret key in a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#publickeycryptography" title="see glossary">Public Key
332 Cryptography</a> system, used to decrypt incoming messages and
333 sign outgoing ones.<br />
334 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
337 <dt><a name="proxy" id="proxy">Proxy</a></dt>
338 <dd>An intermediate server that sits between the client and the <em>origin
339 server</em>. It accepts requests from clients, transmits those requests
340 on to the origin server, and then returns the response from the origin
341 server to the client. If several clients request the same content, the
342 proxy can deliver that content from its cache, rather than requesting it
343 from the origin server each time, thereby reducing response time.<br />
344 See: <a href="mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a>
347 <dt><a name="publickey" id="publickey">Public Key</a></dt>
348 <dd>The publicly available key in a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#publickeycryptography" title="see glossary">Public Key Cryptography</a> system,
349 used to encrypt messages bound for its owner and to decrypt signatures
350 made by its owner.<br />
351 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
354 <dt><a name="publickeycryptography" id="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a></dt>
355 <dd>The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which use
356 one key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding pair of
357 such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric Cryptography.
359 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
362 <dt><a name="regularexpression" id="regularexpression">Regular Expression</a>
363 <a name="regex" id="regex">(Regex)</a></dt>
364 <dd>A way of describing a pattern in text - for example, "all the words that
365 begin with the letter A" or "every 10-digit phone number" or even "Every
366 sentence with two commas in it, and no capital letter Q". Regular
367 expressions are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain
368 attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible ways
369 - for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images" directory could
370 be written as "<code>/images/.*(jpg|gif)$</code>". In places where
371 regular expressions are used to replace strings, the special variables
372 $1 ... $9 contain backreferences to the grouped parts (in parentheses) of
373 the matched expression. The special variable $0 contains a backreference
374 to the whole matched expression. To write a literal dollar sign in a
375 replacement string, it can be escaped with a backslash. Historically, the
376 variable & could be used as alias for $0 in some places. This is no
377 longer possible since version 2.3.6. Apache uses Perl Compatible Regular
378 Expressions provided by the <a href="http://www.pcre.org/">PCRE</a>
379 library. You can find more documentation about PCRE's regular expression
380 syntax at that site, or at
381 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCRE">Wikipedia</a>.
384 <dt><a name="reverseproxy" id="reverseproxy">Reverse Proxy</a></dt>
385 <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#proxy" title="see glossary">proxy</a> server that appears to the client
386 as if it is an <em>origin server</em>. This is useful to hide the real
387 origin server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.
390 <dt><a name="securesocketslayer" id="securesocketslayer">Secure Sockets
391 Layer</a> <a name="ssl" id="ssl">(SSL)</a></dt>
392 <dd>A protocol created by Netscape Communications Corporation for general
393 communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most
394 popular usage is <em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
396 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
399 <dt><a name="servernameindication" id="servernameindication">Server Name
400 Indication</a> <a name="sni" id="sni">(SNI)</a></dt>
401 <dd>An SSL function that allows passing the desired server
402 hostname in the initial SSL handshake message, so that the web
403 server can select the correct virtual host configuration to use
404 in processing the SSL handshake. It was added to SSL starting
405 with the TLS extensions, RFC 3546. <br />
406 See: <a href="ssl/ssl_faq.html">the SSL FAQ</a>
407 and <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3546.txt">RFC 3546</a>
410 <dt><a name="serversideincludes" id="serversideincludes">Server Side
411 Includes</a> <a name="ssi" id="ssi">(SSI)</a></dt>
412 <dd>A technique for embedding processing directives inside HTML files.<br />
413 See: <a href="howto/ssi.html">Introduction to Server Side Includes</a>
416 <dt><a name="session" id="session">Session</a></dt>
417 <dd>The context information of a communication in general.</dd>
419 <dt><a name="ssleay" id="ssleay">SSLeay</a></dt>
420 <dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by Eric A.
424 <dt><a name="subrequest" id="subrequest">Subrequest</a></dt>
425 <dd>Apache provides a subrequest API to modules that allows other
426 filesystem or URL paths to be partially or fully evaluated by
427 the server. Example consumers of this API are
428 <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code>,
429 <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_autoindex.html">mod_autoindex</a></code>, and <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a></code>.
432 <dt><a name="symmetriccryptophraphy" id="symmetriccryptophraphy">Symmetric
433 Cryptography</a></dt>
434 <dd>The study and application of <em>Ciphers</em> that use a single secret key
435 for both encryption and decryption operations.<br />
436 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
439 <dt><a name="tarball" id="tarball">Tarball</a></dt>
440 <dd>A package of files gathered together using the <code>tar</code> utility.
441 Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives or using
445 <dt><a name="transportlayersecurity" id="transportlayersecurity">Transport
446 Layer Security</a> <a name="tls" id="tls">(TLS)</a></dt>
447 <dd>The successor protocol to SSL, created by the Internet Engineering Task
448 Force (IETF) for general communication authentication and encryption over
449 TCP/IP networks. TLS version 1 is nearly identical with SSL version 3.<br />
450 See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
453 <dt><a name="uniformresourcelocator" id="uniformresourcelocator">Uniform
454 Resource Locator</a> <a name="url" id="url">(URL)</a></dt>
455 <dd>The name/address of a resource on the Internet. This is the common
456 informal term for what is formally called a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#uniformresourceidentifier" title="see glossary">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>.
457 URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like <code>http</code> or
458 <code>https</code>, a hostname, and a path. A URL for this page might
459 be <code>http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/glossary.html</code>.
462 <dt><a name="uniformresourceidentifier" id="uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>
463 <a name="URI" id="URI">(URI)</a></dt>
464 <dd>A compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical
465 resource. It is formally defined by <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>. URIs used on the
466 world-wide web are commonly referred to as <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#url" title="see glossary">URLs</a>.
469 <dt><a name="virtualhosting" id="virtualhosting">Virtual Hosting</a></dt>
470 <dd>Serving multiple websites using a single instance of Apache. <em>IP
471 virtual hosting</em> differentiates between websites based on their IP
472 address, while <em>name-based virtual hosting</em> uses only the name of the
473 host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP address.<br />
474 See: <a href="vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host documentation</a>
477 <dt><a name="x.509" id="x.509">X.509</a></dt>
478 <dd>An authentication certificate scheme recommended by the International
479 Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
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