Rename 'gmake' to 'make' in docs and recommended commands

[postgresql] / doc / src / sgml / docguide.sgml

<!-- doc/src/sgml/docguide.sgml -->

<appendix id="docguide">
 <title>Documentation</title>

 <para>
  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> has four primary documentation
  formats:

  <itemizedlist>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     Plain text, for pre-installation information
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     <acronym>HTML</acronym>, for on-line browsing and reference
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     PDF or PostScript, for printing
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     man pages, for quick reference.
    </para>
   </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  Additionally, a number of plain-text <filename>README</filename> files can
  be found throughout the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> source tree,
  documenting various implementation issues.
 </para>

 <para>
  <acronym>HTML</acronym> documentation and man pages are part of a
  standard distribution and are installed by default.  PDF and
  PostScript format documentation is available separately for
  download.
 </para>

 <sect1 id="docguide-docbook">
  <title>DocBook</title>
  <para>
   The documentation sources are written in
   <firstterm>DocBook</firstterm>, which is a markup language
   superficially similar to <acronym>HTML</acronym>.  Both of these
   languages are applications of the <firstterm>Standard Generalized
   Markup Language</firstterm>, <acronym>SGML</acronym>, which is
   essentially a language for describing other languages.  In what
   follows, the terms DocBook and <acronym>SGML</acronym> are both
   used, but technically they are not interchangeable.
  </para>

  <para>
  <productname>DocBook</productname> allows an author to specify the
   structure and content of a technical document without worrying
   about presentation details.  A document style defines how that
   content is rendered into one of several final forms.  DocBook is
   maintained by the <ulink url="http://www.oasis-open.org">
   OASIS group</ulink>.  The <ulink url="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/">
   official DocBook site</ulink> has good introductory and reference documentation and
   a complete O'Reilly book for your online reading pleasure.  The
   <ulink url="http://newbiedoc.sourceforge.net/metadoc/docbook-guide.html">
   NewbieDoc Docbook Guide</ulink> is very helpful for beginners.
   The <ulink url="http://www.freebsd.org/docproj/docproj.html">
   FreeBSD Documentation Project</ulink> also uses DocBook and has some good
   information, including a number of style guidelines that might be
   worth considering.
  </para>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="docguide-toolsets">
  <title>Tool Sets</title>

  <para>
   The following tools are used to process the documentation.  Some
   might be optional, as noted.

   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term><ulink url="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/">DocBook DTD</ulink></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       This is the definition of DocBook itself.  We currently use
       version 4.2; you cannot use later or earlier versions.  You
       need the <acronym>SGML</acronym> variant of the DocBook DTD,
       but to build man pages you also need the <acronym>XML</acronym>
       variant of the same version.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term><ulink url="http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/ISOEnts.zip">ISO 8879 character entities</ulink></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       These are required by DocBook but are distributed separately
       because they are maintained by ISO.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term><ulink url="http://wiki.docbook.org/DocBookDssslStylesheetDocs">DocBook DSSSL Stylesheets</ulink></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       These contain the processing instructions for converting the
       DocBook sources to other formats, such as
       <acronym>HTML</acronym>.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term><ulink url="http://wiki.docbook.org/DocBookXslStylesheets">DocBook XSL Stylesheets</ulink></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       This is another stylesheet for converting DocBook to other
       formats.  We currently use this to produce man pages and
       optionally HTMLHelp.  You can also use this toolchain to
       produce HTML or PDF output, but official PostgreSQL releases
       use the DSSSL stylesheets for that.
      </para>

      <para>
       The minimum required version is currently 1.74.0.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term><ulink url="http://openjade.sourceforge.net">OpenJade</ulink></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       This is the base package of <acronym>SGML</acronym> processing.
       It contains an <acronym>SGML</acronym> parser, a
       <acronym>DSSSL</acronym> processor (that is, a program to
       convert <acronym>SGML</acronym> to other formats using
       <acronym>DSSSL</acronym> stylesheets), as well as a number of
       related tools.  <productname>Jade</productname> is now being
       maintained by the OpenJade group, no longer by James Clark.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term><ulink url="http://xmlsoft.org/XSLT/">Libxslt</ulink> for <command>xsltproc</command></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       This is the processing tool to use with the XSLT stylesheets
       (like <command>jade</command> is the processing tool for DSSSL
       stylesheets).
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term><ulink url="http://jadetex.sourceforge.net">JadeTeX</ulink></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       If you want to, you can also install
       <productname>JadeTeX</productname> to use
       <productname>TeX</productname> as a formatting backend for
       <productname>Jade</productname>.
       <application>JadeTeX</application> can create PostScript or
       <acronym>PDF</acronym> files (the latter with bookmarks).
      </para>

      <para>
       However, the output from <application>JadeTeX</application> is
       inferior to what you get from the <acronym>RTF</acronym>
       backend.  Particular problem areas are tables and various
       artifacts of vertical and horizontal spacing.  Also, there is
       no opportunity to manually polish the results.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </para>

  <para>
   We have documented experience with several installation methods for
   the various tools that are needed to process the documentation.
   These will be described below.  There might be some other packaged
   distributions for these tools. Please report package status to the
   documentation mailing list, and we will include that information
   here.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title><productname>Linux</productname> <acronym>RPM</acronym> Installation</title>

   <para>
    Most vendors provide a complete RPM set for DocBook processing in
    their distribution.  Look for an <quote>SGML</quote> option while
    installing, or the following packages:
    <filename>sgml-common</filename>, <filename>docbook</filename>,
    <filename>stylesheets</filename>, <filename>openjade</filename>
    (or <filename>jade</filename>).  You may also need <filename>sgml-tools</filename>
    and either <filename>xsltproc</filename> or <filename>libxslt</>.  If your
    distributor does not provide these then you should be able to make
    use of the packages from some other, reasonably compatible vendor.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>FreeBSD Installation</title>

   <para>
    The FreeBSD Documentation Project is itself a heavy user of
    DocBook, so it comes as no surprise that there is a full set of
    <quote>ports</quote> of the documentation tools available on
    FreeBSD.  The following ports need to be installed to build the
    documentation on FreeBSD.
    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para><filename>textproc/sp</filename></para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <para><filename>textproc/openjade</filename></para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <para><filename>textproc/iso8879</filename></para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <para><filename>textproc/dsssl-docbook-modular</filename></para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <para><filename>textproc/docbook-420</filename></para>
     </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
   </para>

   <para>
    A number of things from <filename>/usr/ports/print</filename>
    (<filename>tex</filename>, <filename>jadetex</filename>) might
    also be of interest.
   </para>

   <para>
    It's possible that the ports do not update the main catalog file
    in <filename>/usr/local/share/sgml/catalog.ports</filename> or that the
    order isn't proper.  Be sure to have the following lines in the beginning
    of the file:
<programlisting>
CATALOG "openjade/catalog"
CATALOG "iso8879/catalog"
CATALOG "docbook/dsssl/modular/catalog"
CATALOG "docbook/4.2/catalog"
</programlisting>
    If you do not want to edit the file you can also set the
    environment variable <envar>SGML_CATALOG_FILES</envar> to a
    colon-separated list of catalog files (such as the one above).
   </para>

   <para>
    More information about the FreeBSD documentation tools can be
    found in the <ulink url="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/fdp-primer/tools.html">
    FreeBSD Documentation Project's instructions</ulink>.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Debian Packages</title>

   <para>
    There is a full set of packages of the documentation tools
    available for <productname>Debian GNU/Linux</productname>.
    To install, simply use:
<programlisting>
apt-get install docbook docbook-dsssl docbook-xsl openjade1.3 opensp xsltproc
</programlisting>
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Mac OS X</title>

   <para>
    If you use MacPorts, the following will get you set up:
<programlisting>
sudo port install docbook-dsssl docbook-sgml-4.2 docbook-xml-4.2 docbook-xsl libxslt openjade opensp
</programlisting>
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Manual Installation from Source</title>

   <para>
    The manual installation process of the DocBook tools is somewhat
    complex, so if you have pre-built packages available, use them.
    We describe here only a standard setup, with reasonably standard
    installation paths, and no <quote>fancy</quote> features.  For
    details, you should study the documentation of the respective
    package, and read <acronym>SGML</acronym> introductory material.
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Installing OpenJade</title>

    <procedure>
      <step>
       <para>
        The installation of OpenJade offers a GNU-style
        <literal>./configure; make; make install</literal> build
        process.  Details can be found in the OpenJade source
        distribution. In a nutshell:
<synopsis>
./configure --enable-default-catalog=/usr/local/share/sgml/catalog
make
make install
</synopsis>
        Be sure to remember where you put the <quote>default
        catalog</quote>; you will need it below.  You can also leave
        it off, but then you will have to set the environment variable
        <envar>SGML_CATALOG_FILES</envar> to point to the file
        whenever you use <application>jade</application> later on.
        (This method is also an option if OpenJade is already
        installed and you want to install the rest of the toolchain
        locally.)
       </para>

       <note>
       <para>
        Some users have reported encountering a segmentation fault using
        OpenJade 1.4devel to build the PDFs, with a message like:
<screen>
openjade:./stylesheet.dsl:664:2:E: flow object not accepted by port; only display flow objects accepted
make: *** [postgres-A4.tex-pdf] Segmentation fault
</screen>
        Downgrading to OpenJade 1.3 should get rid of this error.
       </para>
       </note>

      </step>

      <step id="doc-openjade-install">
       <para>
        Additionally, you should install the files
        <filename>dsssl.dtd</filename>, <filename>fot.dtd</filename>,
        <filename>style-sheet.dtd</filename>, and
        <filename>catalog</filename> from the
        <filename>dsssl</filename> directory somewhere, perhaps into
        <filename>/usr/local/share/sgml/dsssl</filename>.  It's
        probably easiest to copy the entire directory:
<synopsis>
cp -R dsssl /usr/local/share/sgml
</synopsis>
       </para>
      </step>

      <step>
       <para>
        Finally, create the file
        <filename>/usr/local/share/sgml/catalog</filename> and add
        this line to it:
<programlisting>
CATALOG "dsssl/catalog"
</programlisting>
        (This is a relative path reference to the file installed in
        <xref linkend="doc-openjade-install">.  Be sure to adjust it
        if you chose your installation layout differently.)
       </para>
      </step>
     </procedure>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Installing the <productname>DocBook</productname> <acronym>DTD</acronym> Kit</title>

    <procedure>
     <step>
      <para>
       Obtain the <ulink url="http://www.docbook.org/sgml/4.2/docbook-4.2.zip">
       DocBook V4.2 distribution</ulink>.
      </para>
     </step>

     <step>
      <para>
       Create the directory
       <filename>/usr/local/share/sgml/docbook-4.2</filename> and change
       to it. (The exact location is irrelevant, but this one is
       reasonable within the layout we are following here.)
<screen>
<prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>mkdir /usr/local/share/sgml/docbook-4.2</userinput>
<prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>cd /usr/local/share/sgml/docbook-4.2</userinput>
</screen>
      </para>
     </step>

     <step>
      <para>
       Unpack the archive:
<screen>
<prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>unzip -a ...../docbook-4.2.zip</userinput>
</screen>
       (The archive will unpack its files into the current directory.)
      </para>
     </step>

     <step>
      <para>
       Edit the file
       <filename>/usr/local/share/sgml/catalog</filename> (or whatever
       you told jade during installation) and put a line like this
       into it:
<programlisting>
CATALOG "docbook-4.2/docbook.cat"
</programlisting>
      </para>
     </step>

     <step>
      <para>
       Download the <ulink url="http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/ISOEnts.zip">
       ISO 8879 character entities archive</ulink>, unpack it, and put the
       files in the same directory you put the DocBook files in:
<screen>
<prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>cd /usr/local/share/sgml/docbook-4.2</userinput>
<prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>unzip ...../ISOEnts.zip</userinput>
</screen>
      </para>
     </step>

     <step>
      <para>
       Run the following command in the directory with the DocBook and ISO files:
<programlisting>
perl -pi -e 's/iso-(.*).gml/ISO\1/g' docbook.cat
</programlisting>
       (This fixes a mixup between the names used in the DocBook
       catalog file and the actual names of the ISO character entity
       files.)
      </para>
     </step>
    </procedure>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Installing the DocBook <acronym>DSSSL</acronym> Style Sheets</title>

    <para>
     To install the style sheets, unzip and untar the distribution and
     move it to a suitable place, for example
     <filename>/usr/local/share/sgml</filename>.  (The archive will
     automatically create a subdirectory.)
<screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>gunzip docbook-dsssl-1.<replaceable>xx</>.tar.gz</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>tar -C /usr/local/share/sgml -xf docbook-dsssl-1.<replaceable>xx</>.tar</userinput>
</screen>
    </para>

    <para>
     The usual catalog entry in
     <filename>/usr/local/share/sgml/catalog</filename> can also be
     made:
<programlisting>
CATALOG "docbook-dsssl-1.<replaceable>xx</>/catalog"
</programlisting>
     Because stylesheets change rather often, and it's sometimes
     beneficial to try out alternative versions,
     <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> doesn't use this catalog
     entry.  See <xref linkend="docguide-toolsets-configure"> for
     information about how to select the stylesheets instead.
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Installing <productname>JadeTeX</productname></title>

    <para>
     To install and use <productname>JadeTeX</productname>, you will
     need a working installation of <productname>TeX</productname> and
     <productname>LaTeX2e</productname>, including the supported
     <productname>tools</productname> and
     <productname>graphics</productname> packages,
     <productname>Babel</productname>,
     <productname><acronym>AMS</acronym> fonts</productname> and
     <productname>AMS-LaTeX</productname>, the
     <productname><acronym>PSNFSS</acronym></productname> extension
     and companion kit of <quote>the 35 fonts</quote>, the
     <productname>dvips</productname> program for generating
     <productname>PostScript</productname>, the macro packages
     <productname>fancyhdr</productname>,
     <productname>hyperref</productname>,
     <productname>minitoc</productname>,
     <productname>url</productname> and
     <productname>ot2enc</productname>.  All of these can be found on
     your friendly neighborhood <ulink url="http://www.ctan.org">
     <acronym>CTAN</acronym> site</ulink>.
     The installation of the <application>TeX</application> base
     system is far beyond the scope of this introduction.  Binary
     packages should be available for any system that can run
     <application>TeX</application>.
    </para>

    <para>
     Before you can use <application>JadeTeX</application> with the
     <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> documentation sources, you
     will need to increase the size of
     <application>TeX</application>'s internal data structures.
     Details on this can be found in the <application>JadeTeX</application>
     installation instructions.
    </para>

    <para>
     Once that is finished you can install <application>JadeTeX</application>:
<screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>gunzip jadetex-<replaceable>xxx</replaceable>.tar.gz</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>tar xf jadetex-<replaceable>xxx</replaceable>.tar</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>cd jadetex</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>make install</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mktexlsr</userinput>
</screen>
     The last two need to be done as <systemitem>root</systemitem>.
    </para>

   </sect3>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="docguide-toolsets-configure">
   <title>Detection by <command>configure</command></title>

  <para>
   Before you can build the documentation you need to run the
   <filename>configure</filename> script as you would when building
   the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> programs themselves.
   Check the output near the end of the run, it should look something
   like this:
<screen>
<computeroutput>
checking for onsgmls... onsgmls
checking for openjade... openjade
checking for DocBook V4.2... yes
checking for DocBook stylesheets... /usr/share/sgml/docbook/stylesheet/dsssl/modular
checking for collateindex.pl... /usr/bin/collateindex.pl
checking for xsltproc... xsltproc
checking for osx... osx
</computeroutput>
</screen>
   If neither <filename>onsgmls</filename> nor
   <filename>nsgmls</filename> were found then some of the following tests
   will be skipped.  <filename>nsgmls</filename> is part of the Jade
   package.  You can pass the environment variables
   <envar>JADE</envar> and <envar>NSGMLS</envar> to configure to point
   to the programs if they are not found automatically.  If
   <quote>DocBook V4.2</quote> was not found then you did not install
   the DocBook DTD kit in a place where Jade can find it, or you have
   not set up the catalog files correctly.  See the installation hints
   above.  The DocBook stylesheets are looked for in a number of
   relatively standard places, but if you have them some other place
   then you should set the environment variable
   <envar>DOCBOOKSTYLE</envar> to the location and rerun
   <filename>configure</filename> afterwards.
  </para>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="docguide-build">
  <title>Building The Documentation</title>

  <para>
   Once you have everything set up, change to the directory
   <filename>doc/src/sgml</filename> and run one of the commands
   described in the following subsections to build the
   documentation. (Remember to use GNU make.)
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>HTML</title>

   <para>
    To build the <acronym>HTML</acronym> version of the documentation:
<screen>
<prompt>doc/src/sgml$ </prompt><userinput>make html</userinput>
</screen>
    This is also the default target.  The output appears in the
    subdirectory <filename>html</filename>.
   </para>

   <para>
    To create a proper index, the build might process several identical
    stages.  If you do not care about the index, and just want to
    proof-read the output, use <literal>draft</>:
<screen>
<prompt>doc/src/sgml$ </prompt><userinput>make draft</userinput>
</screen>
   </para>

   <para>
    To build the documentation as a single HTML page, use:
<screen>
<prompt>doc/src/sgml$ </prompt><userinput>make postgres.html</userinput>
</screen>
   </para>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Manpages</title>

  <para>
   We use the DocBook XSL stylesheets to
   convert <productname>DocBook</productname>
   <sgmltag>refentry</sgmltag> pages to *roff output suitable for man
   pages.  The man pages are also distributed as a tar archive,
   similar to the <acronym>HTML</acronym> version.  To create the man
   pages, use the commands:
<programlisting>
cd doc/src/sgml
make man
</programlisting>
  </para>
 </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Print Output via <application>JadeTeX</application></title>

   <para>
    If you want to use <application>JadeTex</application> to produce a
    printable rendition of the documentation, you can use one of the
    following commands:

    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       To generate PostScript via <acronym>DVI</acronym> in A4 format:
<screen>
<prompt>doc/src/sgml$ </prompt><userinput>make postgres-A4.ps</userinput>
</screen>
       In U.S. letter format:
<screen>
<prompt>doc/src/sgml$ </prompt><userinput>make postgres-US.ps</userinput>
</screen>
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       To make a <acronym>PDF</acronym>:
<screen>
<prompt>doc/src/sgml$ </prompt><userinput>make postgres-A4.pdf</userinput>
</screen>
       or:
<screen>
<prompt>doc/src/sgml$ </prompt><userinput>make postgres-US.pdf</userinput>
</screen>
       (Of course you can also make a <acronym>PDF</acronym> version
       from the PostScript, but if you generate <acronym>PDF</acronym>
       directly, it will have hyperlinks and other enhanced features.)
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
   </para>

   <para>
    When using JadeTeX to build the PostgreSQL documentation, you will
    probably need to increase some of TeX's internal parameters.  These
    can be set in the file <filename>texmf.cnf</filename>.  The following
    settings worked at the time of this writing:
<programlisting>
hash_extra.jadetex  = 200000
hash_extra.pdfjadetex  = 200000
pool_size.jadetex = 2000000
pool_size.pdfjadetex = 2000000
string_vacancies.jadetex = 150000
string_vacancies.pdfjadetex = 150000
max_strings.jadetex = 300000
max_strings.pdfjadetex = 300000
save_size.jadetex = 15000
save_size.pdfjadetex = 15000
</programlisting>
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Overflow Text</title>

   <para>
    Occasionally text is too wide for the printed margins, and in
    extreme cases, too wide for the printed page, e.g.  non-wrapped
    text, wide tables.  Overly wide text generates <quote>Overfull
    hbox</quote> messages in the TeX log output file, e.g.
    <filename>postgres-US.log</> or <filename>postgres-A4.log</>.
    There are 72 points in an inch so anything reported as over 72
    points too wide will probably not fit on the printed page (assuming
    one inch margins).  To find the <acronym>SGML</acronym> text
    causing the overflow, find the first page number mentioned above
    the overflow message, e.g.  <literal>[50 ###]</> (page 50), and
    look at the page after that (e.g. page 51) in the <acronym>PDF</acronym>
    file to see the overflow text and adjust the <acronym>SGML</acronym>
    accordingly.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Print Output via <acronym>RTF</acronym></title>

   <para>
    You can also create a printable version of the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
    documentation by converting it to <acronym>RTF</acronym> and
    applying minor formatting corrections using an office suite.
    Depending on the capabilities of the particular office suite, you
    can then convert the documentation to PostScript of
    <acronym>PDF</acronym>.  The procedure below illustrates this
    process using <productname>Applixware</productname>.
   </para>

   <note>
    <para>
     It appears that current versions of the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> documentation
     trigger some bug in or exceed the size limit of OpenJade.  If the
     build process of the <acronym>RTF</acronym> version hangs for a
     long time and the output file still has size 0, then you might have
     hit that problem.  (But keep in mind that a normal build takes 5
     to 10 minutes, so don't abort too soon.)
    </para>
   </note>

   <procedure>
    <title><productname>Applixware</productname> <acronym>RTF</acronym> Cleanup</title>

    <para>
     <application>OpenJade</application> omits specifying a default
     style for body text. In the past, this undiagnosed problem led to
     a long process of table of contents generation. However, with
     great help from the <productname>Applixware</productname> folks
     the symptom was diagnosed and a workaround is available.
    </para>

    <step performance="required">
     <para>
      Generate the <acronym>RTF</acronym> version by typing:
<screen>
<prompt>doc/src/sgml$ </prompt><userinput>make postgres.rtf</userinput>
</screen>
     </para>
    </step>

    <step performance="required">
     <para>
      Repair the RTF file to correctly specify all styles, in
      particular the default style. If the document contains
      <sgmltag>refentry</sgmltag> sections, one must also replace
      formatting hints which tie a preceding paragraph to the current
      paragraph, and instead tie the current paragraph to the
      following one. A utility, <command>fixrtf</command>, is
      available in <filename>doc/src/sgml</filename> to accomplish
      these repairs:
<screen>
<prompt>doc/src/sgml$ </prompt><userinput>./fixrtf --refentry postgres.rtf</userinput>
</screen>
     </para>

     <para>
      The script adds <literal>{\s0 Normal;}</literal> as the zeroth
      style in the document. According to
      <productname>Applixware</productname>, the RTF standard would
      prohibit adding an implicit zeroth style, though Microsoft Word
      happens to handle this case. For repairing
      <sgmltag>refentry</sgmltag> sections, the script replaces
      <literal>\keepn</literal> tags with <literal>\keep</literal>.
     </para>
    </step>

    <step performance="required">
     <para>
      Open a new document in <productname>Applixware Words</productname> and
      then import the <acronym>RTF</acronym> file.
     </para>
    </step>

    <step performance="required">
     <para>
      Generate a new table of contents (ToC) using
      <productname>Applixware</productname>.
     </para>

     <substeps>
      <step>
       <para>
        Select the existing ToC lines, from the beginning of the first
        character on the first line to the last character of the last
        line.
       </para>
      </step>

      <step>
       <para>
        Build a new ToC using
        <menuchoice><guimenu>Tools</guimenu><guisubmenu>Book
        Building</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Create Table of
        Contents</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. Select the first three
        levels of headers for inclusion in the ToC. This will replace
        the existing lines imported in the RTF with a native
        <productname>Applixware</productname> ToC.
       </para>
      </step>

      <step>
       <para>
        Adjust the ToC formatting by using
        <menuchoice><guimenu>Format</guimenu><guimenuitem>Style</guimenuitem></menuchoice>,
        selecting each of the three ToC styles, and adjusting the
        indents for <literal>First</literal> and
        <literal>Left</literal>. Use the following values:

        <informaltable>
         <tgroup cols="3">
          <thead>
           <row>
            <entry>Style</entry>
            <entry>First Indent (inches)</entry>
            <entry>Left Indent (inches)</entry>
           </row>
          </thead>

          <tbody>
           <row>
            <entry><literal>TOC-Heading 1</literal></entry>
            <entry><literal>0.4</literal></entry>
            <entry><literal>0.4</literal></entry>
           </row>

           <row>
            <entry><literal>TOC-Heading 2</literal></entry>
            <entry><literal>0.8</literal></entry>
            <entry><literal>0.8</literal></entry>
           </row>

           <row>
            <entry><literal>TOC-Heading 3</literal></entry>
            <entry><literal>1.2</literal></entry>
            <entry><literal>1.2</literal></entry>
           </row>
          </tbody>
         </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
       </para>
      </step>
     </substeps>
    </step>

    <step performance="required">
     <para>
      Work through the document to:

      <itemizedlist>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Adjust page breaks.
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Adjust table column widths.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
     </para>
    </step>

    <step performance="required">
     <para>
      Replace the right-justified page numbers in the Examples and
      Figures portions of the ToC with correct values. This only takes
      a few minutes.
     </para>
    </step>

    <step performance="optional">
     <para>
       Delete the index section from the document if it is empty.
     </para>
    </step>

    <step performance="required">
     <para>
       Regenerate and adjust the table of contents.
     </para>

      <substeps>
       <step>
        <para>
         Select the ToC field.
        </para>
       </step>

       <step>
        <para>
         Select <menuchoice><guimenu>Tools</guimenu><guisubmenu>Book
         Building</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Create Table of
         Contents</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
        </para>
       </step>

       <step>
        <para>
         Unbind the ToC by selecting
         <menuchoice><guimenu>Tools</guimenu><guisubmenu>Field
         Editing</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Unprotect</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
        </para>
       </step>

       <step>
        <para>
         Delete the first line in the ToC, which is an entry for the
         ToC itself.
        </para>
       </step>
      </substeps>
    </step>

    <step performance="required">
     <para>
      Save the document as native <productname>Applixware
      Words</productname> format to allow easier last minute editing
      later.
     </para>
    </step>

    <step performance="required">
     <para>
      <quote>Print</quote> the document
      to a file in PostScript format.
     </para>
    </step>
   </procedure>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Plain Text Files</title>

   <para>
    The installation instructions are also distributed as plain text,
    in case they are needed in a situation where better reading tools
    are not available.  The <filename>INSTALL</filename> file
    corresponds to <xref linkend="installation">, with some minor
    changes to account for the different context.  To recreate the
    file, change to the directory <filename>doc/src/sgml</filename>
    and enter <userinput>make INSTALL</userinput>.
   </para>

   <para>
    In the past, the release notes and regression testing instructions
    were also distributed as plain text, but this practice has been
    discontinued.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Syntax Check</title>

   <para>
    Building the documentation can take very long.  But there is a
    method to just check the correct syntax of the documentation
    files, which only takes a few seconds:
<screen>
<prompt>doc/src/sgml$ </prompt><userinput>make check</userinput>
</screen>
   </para>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="docguide-authoring">
  <title>Documentation Authoring</title>

   <para>
    <acronym>SGML</acronym> and <productname>DocBook</productname> do
    not suffer from an oversupply of open-source authoring tools. The
    most common tool set is the
    <productname>Emacs</productname>/<productname>XEmacs</productname>
    editor with appropriate editing mode.  On some systems
    these tools are provided in a typical full installation.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Emacs/PSGML</title>

    <para>
     <productname>PSGML</productname> is the most common and most
     powerful mode for editing <acronym>SGML</acronym> documents.
     When properly configured, it will allow you to use
     <application>Emacs</application> to insert tags and check markup
     consistency.  You could use it for <acronym>HTML</acronym> as
     well.  Check the <ulink url="http://www.lysator.liu.se/projects/about_psgml.html">
     PSGML web site</ulink> for downloads, installation instructions, and
     detailed documentation.
    </para>

    <para>
     There is one important thing to note with
     <productname>PSGML</productname>: its author assumed that your
     main <acronym>SGML</acronym> <acronym>DTD</acronym> directory
     would be <filename>/usr/local/lib/sgml</filename>.  If, as in the
     examples in this chapter, you use
     <filename>/usr/local/share/sgml</filename>, you have to
     compensate for this, either by setting
     <envar>SGML_CATALOG_FILES</envar> environment variable, or you
     can customize your <productname>PSGML</productname> installation
     (its manual tells you how).
    </para>

    <para>
     Put the following in your <filename>~/.emacs</filename>
     environment file (adjusting the path names to be appropriate for
     your system):

<programlisting>
; ********** for SGML mode (psgml)

(setq sgml-omittag t)
(setq sgml-shorttag t)
(setq sgml-minimize-attributes nil)
(setq sgml-always-quote-attributes t)
(setq sgml-indent-step 1)
(setq sgml-indent-data t)
(setq sgml-parent-document nil)
(setq sgml-exposed-tags nil)
(setq sgml-catalog-files '("/usr/local/share/sgml/catalog"))

(autoload 'sgml-mode "psgml" "Major mode to edit SGML files." t )
</programlisting>

     and in the same file add an entry for <acronym>SGML</acronym>
     into the (existing) definition for
     <varname>auto-mode-alist</varname>:
<programlisting>
(setq
  auto-mode-alist
  '(("\\.sgml$" . sgml-mode)
   ))
</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
     You might find that when using <productname>PSGML</productname>, a
     comfortable way of working with these separate files of book
     parts is to insert a proper <literal>DOCTYPE</literal>
     declaration while you're editing them.  If you are working on
     this source, for instance, it is an appendix chapter, so you
     would specify the document as an <quote>appendix</quote> instance
     of a DocBook document by making the first line look like this:

<programlisting>
&lt;!DOCTYPE appendix PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.2//EN"&gt;
</programlisting>

     This means that anything and everything that reads
     <acronym>SGML</acronym> will get it right, and I can verify the
     document with <command>nsgmls -s docguide.sgml</command>.  (But
     you need to take out that line before building the entire
     documentation set.)
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Other Emacs Modes</title>

    <para>
     <productname>GNU Emacs</productname> ships with a different
     <acronym>SGML</acronym> mode, which is not quite as powerful as
     <productname>PSGML</productname>, but it's less confusing and
     lighter weight.  Also, it offers syntax highlighting (font lock),
     which can be very helpful.
     <filename>src/tools/editors/emacs.samples</filename> contains
     sample settings for this mode.
    </para>

    <para>
     Norm Walsh offers a
     <ulink url="http://nwalsh.com/emacs/docbookide/index.html">major mode</ulink>
     specifically for DocBook which also has font-lock and a number of features to
     reduce typing.
    </para>
   </sect2>

 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="docguide-style">
  <title>Style Guide</title>

  <sect2>
   <title>Reference Pages</title>

   <para>
    Reference pages should follow a standard layout.  This allows
    users to find the desired information more quickly, and it also
    encourages writers to document all relevant aspects of a command.
    Consistency is not only desired among
    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> reference pages, but also
    with reference pages provided by the operating system and other
    packages.  Hence the following guidelines have been developed.
    They are for the most part consistent with similar guidelines
    established by various operating systems.
   </para>

   <para>
    Reference pages that describe executable commands should contain
    the following sections, in this order.  Sections that do not apply
    can be omitted.  Additional top-level sections should only be used
    in special circumstances; often that information belongs in the
    <quote>Usage</quote> section.

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>Name</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This section is generated automatically.  It contains the
        command name and a half-sentence summary of its functionality.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Synopsis</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This section contains the syntax diagram of the command.  The
        synopsis should normally not list each command-line option;
        that is done below.  Instead, list the major components of the
        command line, such as where input and output files go.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Description</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Several paragraphs explaining what the command does.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Options</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        A list describing each command-line option.  If there are a
        lot of options, subsections can be used.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Exit Status</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If the program uses 0 for success and non-zero for failure,
        then you do not need to document it.  If there is a meaning
        behind the different non-zero exit codes, list them here.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Usage</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Describe any sublanguage or run-time interface of the program.
        If the program is not interactive, this section can usually be
        omitted.  Otherwise, this section is a catch-all for
        describing run-time features.  Use subsections if appropriate.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Environment</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        List all environment variables that the program might use.
        Try to be complete; even seemingly trivial variables like
        <envar>SHELL</envar> might be of interest to the user.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Files</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        List any files that the program might access implicitly.  That
        is, do not list input and output files that were specified on
        the command line, but list configuration files, etc.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Diagnostics</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Explain any unusual output that the program might create.
        Refrain from listing every possible error message.  This is a
        lot of work and has little use in practice.  But if, say, the
        error messages have a standard format that the user can parse,
        this would be the place to explain it.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Notes</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Anything that doesn't fit elsewhere, but in particular bugs,
        implementation flaws, security considerations, compatibility
        issues.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Examples</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Examples
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>History</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If there were some major milestones in the history of the
        program, they might be listed here.  Usually, this section can
        be omitted.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Author</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Author (only used in the contrib section)
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>See Also</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Cross-references, listed in the following order: other
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> command reference pages,
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> SQL command reference
        pages, citation of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
        manuals, other reference pages (e.g., operating system, other
        packages), other documentation.  Items in the same group are
        listed alphabetically.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
   </para>

   <para>
    Reference pages describing SQL commands should contain the
    following sections: Name, Synopsis, Description, Parameters,
    Outputs, Notes, Examples, Compatibility, History, See
    Also.  The Parameters section is like the Options section, but
    there is more freedom about which clauses of the command can be
    listed.  The Outputs section is only needed if the command returns
    something other than a default command-completion tag.  The Compatibility
    section should explain to what extent
    this command conforms to the SQL standard(s), or to which other
    database system it is compatible.  The See Also section of SQL
    commands should list SQL commands before cross-references to
    programs.
   </para>
  </sect2>

 </sect1>
</appendix>